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What It Is and How to Get Started
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Key Takeaways
- Find a quiet and comfortable spot where you won’t be disturbed for your meditation session.
- Visualize each chakra as a different color and focus on it one by one.
- Add affirmations or mudras to your practice to enhance your meditation experience.
As a yoga enthusiast, I love trying different types of meditation. Although it sounds super simple, most of us know that sitting still and paying attention is a lot harder than it sounds. That being said, guided meditations can be easier and more interesting because they tell us what to focus on and help us maintain our concentration.
One of my favorite types of guided meditation is chakra meditation. Chakra meditation is an ancient wellness practice that is designed to unlock the energy centers (chakras) in our bodies.
Chakra meditation helps us feel more grounded, centered, connected, and peaceful, says Karla Helbert, an internationally certified yoga therapist (C-IAYT) and author of “The Chakras in Grief and Trauma.”
If you’re curious about chakra meditation and how to get started with it, here’s everything you need to know.
Introduction to Chakra Meditation
Chakra meditation is an Eastern spiritual practice that dates back thousands of years. The earliest references to it are found in ancient Indian yogic texts dating back to around 1500–1200 BCE. It was later adopted by other spiritual systems, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
“Chakra” is a Sanskrit word that means “circle,” “disc,” or “wheel,” says Helbert. There are seven chakras in total, positioned from the base of the spine to the top of the head. Although the chakras aren’t scientifically recognized, in the context of this belief system, they are invisible energy centers within the body that vibrate and spin with energy.
Each chakra influences the glands in its vicinity. Therefore, each chakra corresponds to different qualities and functions, Helbert explains. Imbalances or blockages in any of the chakras are linked to physical or mental health problems.
Chakra meditation helps us realign the chakras and bring our body back into balance. When the chakras are aligned and activated, they vibrate at a higher frequency, giving us energy and vitality.
The chakras regulate and generate functions that impact us physically, energetically, emotionally, mentally, sensorially, intuitively, and spiritually.
—
KARLA HELBERT, YOGA THERAPIST
The Seven Chakras
Before we go further, let’s take a quick tour of the seven chakras.
Root Chakra
Name: Muladhara
Location: Base of the spine
Color: Red
Associations: Health, safety, security, and stability
Imbalances: Fear, insecurity, anxiety, financial stress, and substance use
Sacral Chakra
Name: Svadhisthana
Location: Lower abdomen (a little below your belly button)
Color: Orange
Associations: Creativity, passion, pleasure, and emotional well-being
Imbalances: Creative blocks, emotional instability, dependency issues, and intimacy issues
Solar Plexus Chakra
Name: Manipura
Location: Upper abdomen (above your belly button)
Color: Yellow
Associations: Confidence, willpower, gut instincts, and inner strength
Imbalances: Low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, control issues, stress, and digestive difficulties
Heart Chakra
Name: Anahata
Location: Center of the chest (near your heart)
Color: Pink or green
Associations: Love, compassion, forgiveness, and emotional balance
Imbalances: Lack of empathy, relationship difficulties, and heart problems
Throat Chakra
Name: Vishuddha
Location: Throat area
Color: Blue
Associations: Communication, truth, honesty, clarity, and inspiration
Imbalances: Fear of speaking, difficulty expressing oneself, nervousness, sore throat, clogged sinuses, and tooth, gum, or jaw pain
Third Eye Chakra
Name: Ajna
Location: Center of your forehead (between your brows)
Color: Indigo
Associations: Intuition, insight, imagination, and spiritual awareness
Imbalances: Lack of clarity, difficulty making decisions, eye problems, headaches, migraines, and sleep issues
Crown Chakra
Name: Sahasrara
Location: Top of the head
Color: Violet or white
Associations: Spirituality, divine connection, and enlightenment
Imbalances: Depression, loss of faith, and lack of purpose
Preparing for Chakra Meditation
If you’d like to give it a try, here’s how you can prepare and set the mood for a chakra meditation session:
- Pick a quiet place: Find a quiet and comfortable spot where you won’t be disturbed.
- Dress comfortably: Wear something loose and comfy.
- Bring your props: If you find them helpful, you can use props such as a cushion or bolster to help you be more comfortable during the session.
- Set the mood: If you like, you could set the mood by dimming the lights or lighting a candle.
- Play some music: Some people enjoy playing soft, instrumental music or nature sounds while they meditate. Choose music that relaxes you but doesn’t distract you.
- Silence your devices: Power down your devices or put them on silent mode so they don’t disturb you.
- Choose a meditation program: If you like, you can find a guided meditation program online that you can play. Or, you can follow the step-by-step guide described below.
Step-by-Step Guide to Chakra Meditation
Once you’ve set the mood and you’re ready to get started, here’s a step-by-step guide to chakra meditation:
- Get comfortable: Lie down on your back or sit cross-legged with your back straight and your hands resting on your knees. Make any minor adjustments you need to get comfortable. Use any props you want.
- Close your eyes: Gently close your eyes and turn your focus inward.
- Take deep breaths: Start by taking a few deep breaths. Focus your attention on your breath as it comes and goes.
- Start at your root chakra: Bring your attention to the base of your spine. Picture roots growing from your body into the earth, connecting you and keeping you grounded. Visualize the color red as you take deep breaths in and out.
- Move up to your sacral chakra: Move your attention upward to your sacral chakra, which is a little south of your belly button. Imagine an orange glow, symbolizing creativity and passion. Breathe into this area, allowing creativity to flow into you.
- Come to your solar plexus chakra: Shift your attention a little higher, to your solar plexus chakra. Envision a yellow light radiating from this area, representing personal power and confidence. With each breath, imagine that you’re inhaling strength and exhaling all your self-doubts.
- Focus on your heart chakra: Next, bring your focus higher, to the heart chakra in the middle of your chest. Visualize a green or pink light in your chest that expands outward with each breath. Think thoughts of love, compassion, and forgiveness—toward others and yourself.
- Bring your attention to the throat chakra: Direct your attention to your throat chakra. Picture a blue light in your throat that’s helping you to always speak clearly, truthfully, and assertively.
- Shift to the third eye chakra: Slowly, shift your focus upward, to the middle of your forehead, where your third eye would be. Imagine an indigo light that’s taking over your mind, clearing it of clutter and leaving only clarity behind.
- Go up to the crown chakra: Finally, bring your attention to the top of your head, to the crown chakra. Picture the color white, elevating you to a higher state of consciousness where you are one with the divine.
- Picture all your chakras in alignment: Visualize all your chakras being in alignment, from base to tip. Picture the energy flowing upward through your body, healing you and giving you strength.
- Scan your body: Do a quick body scan, starting from your toes and moving upward. If you sense any tension or discomfort anywhere, breathe deeply into that area and focus your healing energy there.
- Come back to the present: When you’re ready to finish, take a few deep breaths and gradually bring your focus to the present. Slowly open your eyes. Wiggle your fingers and toes. If you’re lying down, sit up gently.
- Reflect: Take a few minutes to reflect on your meditation session. Note any sensations, thoughts, or insights that came up for you. You can write them down, if you like.
Potential Benefits of Chakra Meditation
These are some of the possible benefits of chakra meditation:
- Reduces stress: Chakra meditation is a calming and relaxing practice that can help us reduce our stress and anxiety levels.
- Promotes positivity: Chakra meditation incorporates elements like visualization and affirmations, which promote positivity.
- Targets issues: Chakra meditation, because of the focus on specific chakras, can help us target any issues we’re experiencing, says Helbert. As a holistic practice, it can complement medical treatment.
- Improves concentration: The practice of concentrating on each chakra can enhance our ability to focus and pay attention.
- Enhances self-awareness: Chakra meditation involves introspection and self-reflection. We learn to observe our thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations, which contributes to greater self-awareness.
- Increases energy levels: I always feel refreshed and energized after a session of chakra meditation. Doing it after my workout gives me a boost of energy to take on my day.
- Promotes spiritual growth: For those seeking spiritual growth, chakra meditation provides a framework for exploring higher states of consciousness and deepening our connection to divine energy.
- Improves sleep: The relaxation induced by chakra meditation can help improve sleep.
Chakra meditation helps us feel more grounded, centered, connected, and peaceful.
—
KARLA HELBERT, YOGA THERAPIST
A 2019 study found that doing chakrayoga meditation twice a week for six weeks led to greater mindfulness, lower stress, better well-being, and fewer medical symptoms.
It’s important to note that while many people find chakra meditation beneficial, everyone’s experience is different. It’s always advisable to approach such practices with an open mind, and if you have specific health concerns, consult with a healthcare professional beforehand.
Tips for Deepening Your Chakra Meditation Practice
These are some tips that can help you deepen your chakra meditation practice.
Be Consistent
Consistency is key. Set aside dedicated time for chakra meditation each day, even if it’s just for a few minutes.
You can do it early in the morning, for more energy during the day. Or, you can do it at night, to get better and more restful sleep. The best time to meditate is the one that works best for you!
Extend Your Sessions
You can start with shorter sessions that are just a few minutes long. As you get more comfortable with it, you can increase the length of your sessions.
You can work out a rhythm where you do shorter sessions on weekdays and explore deeper sessions on the weekends, when you have more time.
Add Affirmations
One of the most powerful ways to level up your chakra meditation practice is to add affirmations to it.
These are some chakra-specific affirmations to try:
- Root chakra: “I am safe, secure, and grounded.”
- Sacral chakra: “My creativity is flowing freely.”
- Solar plexus chakra: “I am strong, powerful, and confident. I believe in myself and my abilities.”
- Heart chakra: “I love myself and everyone around me. I am open to the beauty and joy that life offers.”
- Throat chakra: “My thoughts and words are filled with truth and authenticity.”
- Third eye chakra: “I trust my intuition and inner wisdom.”
- Crown chakra: “I am divine and enlightened.”
If you like, you can also create your own affirmations for each chakra.
Incorporate Gestures
Mudras are hand symbols or gestures that are used in many yogic and meditation practices. There is a specific mudra linked to each of the seven chakras.
Practicing the mudra during the meditation is supposed to help you unlock your energy. It also helps you feel more grounded in the present moment.
Keep a Journal
After you finish meditating, it’s important to take a moment to reflect on the experience and examine any thoughts and feelings you encountered.
If you like, you can write down your introspections in a journal and track your progress over time.
Recommended Resources for Chakra Meditation
These are some resources that can help you explore chakra meditation further.
Books
- “Wheels of Life: A User’s Guide to the Chakra System” by Anodea Judith
- “The Chakras in Grief and Trauma” by Karla Helbert
- “The Book of Chakra Healing” by Liz Simpson
Guided Meditations
- YouTube
- Headspace app
- Insight Timer app
Classes and Workshops
Helbert recommends attending a yoga class or workshop that focuses on chakras. “Working with a meditation teacher with experience and knowledge of the chakras is also a good place to start.”
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Should You Give a Cheating Partner a Second Chance?
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Key Takeaways
- Only you can decide if you should give a cheating partner a second chance.
- Counseling may help you decide if your relationship can be saved.
One of the most difficult relationship decisions you hope to never have to make is whether or not to give a cheating partner a second chance. Infidelity is incredibly painful, and it might leave you wondering if you should break up or stay in the relationship.
If you discover that your partner lied to you, manipulated you, made a fool out of you, or tried to cover up the affair, ending the relationship might seem like the obvious answer. But what if your partner is usually reliable? What if they regret cheating and promise to be faithful? What if you’re convinced that the two of you do love one another?
Everyone has their line in the sand—the one thing that is a deal-breaker. Only you know what that line in the sand is for you.
How Cheating May Affect Your Relationship
Infidelity doesn’t always mean a relationship is over, especially if your partner is truly remorseful. In fact, true remorse is a big indicator that there is hope for the relationship, especially if you have been together a long time and have children together.
But, both of you have to realize that your relationship will never be the same. You can’t just pretend like nothing ever happened if you want anything to change. You both have a lot of hard work to do to make the relationship successful.
Questions to Consider After Your Partner Has Cheated
Before you give your partner a second chance, it’s important to really think about all that is involved in repairing your relationship like healing from the pain, rebuilding trust, learning to be intimate again, and improving communication. Here are some important questions to ask yourself.
- Is this the first time your partner cheated on you?
- Does your partner understand the hurt they caused?
- Does your partner recognize the cheating as a problem?
- Has your partner accepted responsibility for being unfaithful?
- Regardless of the reasons for the infidelity, will your partner accept that changes are needed in their behavior?
- Has your partner apologized?
- Do you believe your partner is remorseful and truly regrets being unfaithful?
- Will your partner attend both marital and individual counseling?
- Have all ties with the affair partner been severed?
- If the person is someone your partner works with, have you discussed how your partner can keep the relationship on a business-only basis?
- Do you think you and your partner can have a successful, joyful, long-lasting relationship?
- Do you think you can ever trust your partner again?
- Do you think your relationship is worth saving?
- Do you think your partner’s unfaithfulness will forever haunt your mind and heart?
- Can you forgive your partner, or will you hold the infidelity over their head?
- Are you considering retaliating or getting revenge?
- Will your family and friends support efforts to reconcile, or will they impede the process?
- Are you both willing to work on your relationship and learn how to resolve the underlying issues?
Answering these questions honestly can help you decide if you should give your partner a second chance. Look over your answers. Are they mostly positive? Or, are there areas that are cause for concern? You may want to discuss this list with a counselor or another neutral party who can help you evaluate your situation.
Conditions After Your Partner Has Cheated
If you do decide to give your partner a second chance, it might make sense to emphasize that this is a one-time opportunity. They need to understand that there will be no more chances if they cheat again.
It’s important to emphasize that your willingness to reconcile the relationship doesn’t mean you condone the cheating behavior.
Meanwhile, the partner who cheated must be willing to explain why they cheated. They also must be apologetic and honest, and they must keep their promises. They also need to recognize that there will be questions about their commitment. Consequently, they may need to agree to set healthy boundaries around their future behaviors.
Although these boundaries are best discussed with a relationship or marriage counselor, your partner may agree to allow you complete access to their phones, text messages, social media accounts, and emails. They also may agree to not have lunch or dinner alone with someone who may be a potential romantic partner.
For a long time, you may worry and wonder whether or not they will cheat again. So, these boundaries serve two purposes: They provide you with a sense of security while holding your partner accountable.
Red Flags for Further Infidelity
There are times in a relationship when you should reconsider giving your partner a second chance. Of course, the choice is still yours, but giving a second chance when these red flags are present may mean that true reconciliation is unlikely. Think twice about giving a second chance when:
- Your partner had an affair with an ex-partner
- The affair was full-fledged and long-term
- Your partner shows no remorse or does not apologize
- The cheating occurred early in the relationship
- The cheating is serial or a pattern of behavior
- Your partner is abusive or controlling
Although it can be tough to accept, not every relationship can be reconciled. There are times when the cheating partner refuses to end an affair or has an established pattern of cheating. In these cases, drastic changes would need to occur before successful reconciliation.
If these red flags are apparent in your situation, consider seeking individual counseling before making any lasting decisions.
Your first priority should be to take care of yourself and then evaluate your relationship.
There are a lot of emotions that come with being cheated on including everything from hurt and anger to frustration, confusion, and even denial. Take your time processing what has happened to you. There’s no rush to make a decision about your relationship until you feel strong enough to make the best one for you.
How to Be Realistic
Most people who have been cheated on take it personally. They may blame themselves or believe that if they were somehow different or better their partner would not have cheated. But that is a far cry from the truth. Your self-worth should not be tied to your partner’s views of you.
What’s more, your partner is responsible for the cheating. You did not cause it. While it is true that counseling will require you to address your issues, your issues do not give your partner a license to cheat. Cheating was a choice your partner made alone and must accept responsibility for.
It is vital that you pay close attention to how your partner responds to getting caught.
Are they sorry they got caught? Or, are they sorry for the pain they caused you? There is a big difference.
Good Signs That Might Salvage the Relationship
Usually, an honest apology with no excuses or blaming is a good start. When your partner starts to point the finger at you or someone else as a reason for choosing to cheat, it’s is a sign that they have not accepted full responsibility for their actions.
Also, be sure your partner is truly remorseful before you agree to counseling and trying to reconcile the relationship. When a partner who cheats is unable to recognize the pain they have caused, they also will struggle to connect with you honestly and emotionally.
Healing can only begin when you are able to see that your partner truly understands the depth of your pain and that they caused it.
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Signs My Partner Is Not Sexually Attracted to Me Anymore
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Key Takeaways
- Talk to your partner openly and honestly about changes in their attraction to you.
- Spend some time apart to give each other the chance to miss one another and to rediscover yourself.
- Seek professional help through relationship therapy to improve intimacy and attraction issues.
Attraction is a key component of any healthy relationship, but what do you do if the attraction has faded? What are the signs that your wife, husband, or partner is not sexually attracted to you anymore?
For a relationship to thrive, a few things have to be in place:
- Love, to maintain the connection, tenderness, and care that drew you and your partner together;
- Trust, an important foundation every bond needs to promote a sense of security between significant others; and, of course,
- Attraction, because passion combined with excitement keeps the fire burning in any successful relationship.
It’s hard to place any of these factors above the other, this is because they all work in sync to keep a relationship going. However, knowing that your partner experiences an electrifying thrill from mundane things like your smile, how clothes fit on your body, or perhaps even simply watching you work in your element, is a feeling that isn’t easily traded in a relationship.
At a Glance
This article describes certain behaviors that may indicate a reduction in how attractive your partner finds you. Signs that your partner isn’t sexually attracted to you anymore can include having sex less often, spending more time apart, less intimacy and romance, and more arguments. If your partner exhibits these traits, learn tips to help reignite the flame in your relationship.
Signs That Your Partner Doesn’t Find You Attractive
Let’s take a look at some signs that your partner may not be as attracted to you as they once were.
You’re Having Less Sex
One of the first ways to determine how your partner feels about your physical relationship is to examine your sex life.
Questions to Ask Yourself
- Are you having less sex?
- Do they seem less affectionate?
- What does foreplay usually feel like, and has it changed dramatically?
- Are you and your partner taking the time to speak and compare notes after sessions?
This may be specially noticed with married couples. There is a tendency for sex to slow down during marriage. For example, one population study found a considerable decrease in the number of times couples had sex weekly.
A sudden change in the frequency in which you have sex with your partner could indicate a change in how attractive your partner finds you.
Likewise, when the intimacy is missing from foreplay, or if this act is removed altogether when you have sex, it could be another warning sign.
In some cases, the frequency with which you have sex may not be affected, but what is considerably changed is how your partner goes about things. Sex may start to feel routine, almost like a checkbox to be ticked in your relationship—gone is the passion, conversation, and intimacy that usually would have followed your lovemaking.
Your Partner Is Spending More Time Apart From You
Where your partner is starting to spend more moments away from the home you share, or away from you, this can understandably be worrying.
However, you and your partner spending less time together may not always be a cause for concern—they may simply want some time alone and may find it difficult to share without stirring your fears.
However, where they are repeatedly giving excuses as to why they can’t meet, or when you do spend time together, it’s typically brief and lacking real intimacy—this could signal a waning attraction towards you.
They Are Putting Less Effort Into the Relationship
A truly painful indicator that your partner no longer finds you attractive is how little effort they are putting into the relationship. Terms of endearments may be dropped, planning activities together may be a thing of the past, and even getting them to respond to your texts may become a worrying challenge.
This can be considerably painful, especially when your partner was diligent in making you feel special early in your relationship.
Intimacy Is Starting to Feel Familial
In other cases, you may find that your partner does all the right things: frequently calls you during the day to give updates, plans movie dates, or has a day set out where you eat somewhere fancy during the week.
The only issue is that it feels more like you’re dealing with a brother or sister than a person you would prefer to remain intimate with.
While the friendship and trust remain in the relationship, very noticeably missing is a spark that shows that your partner has eyes only for you, and will do all things possible to keep that flame alive.
Understandably, infatuation may not always be the most lasting reaction you produce from your partner. However, when your significant other begins to lose their attachment and desire for you, this may threaten the future of your relationship.
You’re Fighting More Often
If your partner is more irritable towards you, and never wastes an opportunity to quarrel about the big or small things in your relationship—not only is this a sign that they may be having a waning attraction towards your charm and appeal, but it could also signal something more trouble for the continuation of the relationship.
How to Rekindle Attraction in Your Relationship
Accepting the reality that your partner may no longer be attracted to you can be painful. However, this level of awareness may be the key that helps to turn your relationship back on track.
Below are different ways to get your partner to fall back into being attracted to you:
Have an Open Conversation
In addition to love, trust, and attraction—communication is a bedrock of relationships that cannot be taken for granted.
Speak to your partner openly and honestly about the changes you have noticed in their attraction to you. Learn how they see you, or if your behavior has changed to an extent that may be causing them to pull away.
While this may be easier said than done, especially because communicating while resolving challenges is particularly difficult for couples—by hearing things directly from your partner, you may learn certain traits you may otherwise have been unaware of that could have affected your intimacy.
It’s important to note that finding the right way to communicate with your partner during this period could be critical to properly discussing your worries.
As much as you can, avoid accusatory statements, or speaking when tempers are high. An open, honest conversation should be the target when discussing things with your partner.
Spend Some Time Apart
It might seem counterproductive to keep away from your partner at a time you want them to look more closely and feel something with you—but this change just may be what your relationship needs.
By taking the time to go on solo trips for yourself, and encouraging your partner to take a vacation with family and friends—you may give your partner the opportunity to miss you. This could also give you a chance to rediscover yourself.
Time apart doesn’t, however, mean staying completely away from your significant other. Check in from time to time to avoid alienating them.
You may use this period to spice up your relationship digitally through virtual or phone calls. This might offer a change from your usual relations and could help to improve their attraction for you.
Go Back to the Basics of Romance
With your partner’s indulgence, you can take your relationship back to the early days by doing all the things you and your lover engaged in while dating.
Take the time to go on dates, take extra care with your appearance, and write intimate love letters to each other. Going on movie dates, taking cooking classes together, or partaking in other intimate couple activities like a pottery class could help to offer a needed intimacy change.
Keeping in close proximity, and breaking from the routine of your relationship can help to improve your partner’s attraction to you.
Speak to a Therapist
In other cases, you may decide to get professional help to intervene in your relationship challenges. Therapy is a great way to explore and improve any intimacy or attraction challenges you may be experiencing with your partner.
Different forms of therapy are available to manage any challenges with your partner—cognitive existential couples therapy, couple-based cognitive-behavior therapy, and cognitive dialectical behavioral therapy are just some of the ways a professional can intervene in your relationship.
Beyond working on your partner’s attraction, a relationship therapist may also help to identify the strengths in your relationship, as well as other areas in which you and your partner can stand to improve.
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What are Defense Mechanisms?
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Key Takeaways
- Mature defense mechanisms like humor and sublimation can help you accept uncomfortable situations without denial.
- Primitive defense mechanisms like denial or projection may keep you from dealing with reality.
- Seeking therapy can help you identify and use more adaptive ways to handle stress and anxiety.
Defense mechanisms are methods people use to cope with feelings of stress or anxiety. These methods can vary widely in their degree of helping or potentially causing further harm. For most people, defense mechanisms are unconscious behaviors.
Identifying and recognizing adaptive and maladaptive defense mechanisms, as well as their root causes or triggers, can help you understand and care for yourself better.
Sigmund Freud, the renowned psychoanalyst, was the first person to propose the idea of defense mechanisms. Freud believed people unconsciously used defense mechanisms to help protect themselves from difficult or uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, or situations.
At a Glance
Defense mechanisms are ways to manage feelings of anxiety. These can be mature and adaptive, such as using humor or sublimation to cope. They can also be primitive, immature, or maladaptive, such as using projection or passive-aggressiveness.
This article discusses the most frequently used defense mechanisms and why people use them. It also looks at situations where you might need help and what kind of help would be available to you.
Types of Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms are sometimes broadly classified into either primitive defenses or mature defenses. Mature defense mechanisms are more adaptive, and primitive defenses are less adaptive.
Primitive Defense Mechanisms
Primitive defense mechanisms are the first to occur developmentally and include regression, denial, splitting, projection, fixation, fantasy, identification, passive aggression, rationalization, reaction formation, idealization, and acting out.
Primitive mechanisms are sometimes further broken down into either neurotic or immature defenses. Neurotic defenses include intellectualization, undoing, repression, dissociation, reaction formation, and displacement.
Examples of immature defense mechanisms include denial, rationalization, projection, splitting, and acting out.
Mature Defense Mechanisms
Mature defense mechanisms may be more helpful and inflict less harm upon yourself and others. The mature defenses involve accepting reality even if it is disliked. Uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and situations are interpreted and addressed in less threatening forms instead of being denied.
People can practice choosing to use mature defense mechanisms as they may not happen naturally. They often require intention, practice, and effort. Mature defense mechanisms include altruism, anticipation, humor, sublimation, and suppression.
Common Defense Mechanisms
In the early twentieth century, Anna Freud, the daughter of Sigmund Freud, highlighted ten of the most common defense mechanisms people use. Psychoanalysts are constantly expanding on this number. Here’s a breakdown of the most common types of defense mechanisms people use.
Avoidance
Avoidance is a defense mechanism people use to avoid handling a problem at hand. With avoidance, you’ll dismiss any uncomfortable or negative thoughts or feelings without trying to understand them.
You might also avoid people or places that make you uncomfortable to the extent that it disrupts your personal life.
In the long run, avoidance may not be a sustainable solution and can compound a stressful situation. If it is safe and possible to do so, addressing and resolving a stressful situation directly can be more helpful. Using drugs or alcohol to circumvent dealing with your feelings or a difficult situation is also a form of avoidance.
Denial
Denial is used to avoid dealing with a stressful or overwhelming situation. When a person is in denial, they refuse to accept the reality of their situation.
For instance, if you are going through a rough divorce, you might stay in denial about the fact that your partner is about to leave you until it happens. The problem with denial is that it stops you from dealing with a situation when you should.
If you’ve just received shocking or life-changing news, denial can give you some time to come to terms with your new reality. However, if you remain in a state of denial, it could disrupt your life by keeping you disconnected from reality.
Projection
Projection is an unconscious act of taking unwanted emotions or traits you don’t like or refuse to accept about yourself and attributing them to someone else. For instance, a person who is cheating might suspect or accuse their partner of cheating.
Projection tends to be rooted in all-or-nothing, black-and-white thinking, where people view things as either all-good or all-bad.
Researchers have found that this type of defense mechanism tends to emerge during adolescence. In many cases, people use it less frequently as they begin to develop more mature defense mechanisms.
Distortion
Distortion is the misinterpretation of your environment to see what you want to see, the way you want to see it. Your unconscious brain may seek out data that supports your beliefs and ignores evidence against it to protect your ego so you can perceive yourself as right or good instead of having made a mistake.
A delusion is a type of distortion. It may arise in response to feelings such as loneliness or inadequacy.
Delusions, like most defense mechanisms, show up in ways that range from adaptive to maladaptive. A person might have an adaptive delusion when they read and believe in horoscopes, picking out only what’s true for them, and being amazed that they are so accurate—while ignoring or dismissing anything from the horoscope that does not resonate with them.
An example of a maladaptive delusion could be a person denying COVID-19 exists and refusing to wear a mask to prevent the spread of the illness. They may find information to support their belief, and ignore all evidence that suggests otherwise—even to the detriment to their own or a loved one’s health.
Repression
With repression, a person will block out painful or overwhelming feelings and emotions in situations where they experience them. You often have no control over the thoughts and emotions you repress.
Repressed memories or feelings don’t just disappear, however. During therapy, or in certain unsuspecting moments, you might find yourself uncovering them. A person who was abused by their parents as a child, for instance, may repress the memories and be unaware of them as an adult, insisting their parents were wonderful and never hurt them.
Suppression, on the other hand, is a conscious and intentional form of repression where you choose not to interact with or talk about distressing thoughts, feelings, or situations. You are aware of them, but you may put off addressing them until a later time. The ways suppression may be used can range from maladaptive to adaptive.
Identification
Identification involves a person adopting the thoughts and behaviors of a person who has power over them. In many identification cases, the person using it as a coping mechanism is being abused.
A great example of identification is in people who have Stockholm Syndrome. In such cases, they form an emotional bond with their captor or abuser and adapt their negative traits and behaviors.
Intellectualization
With intellectualization, people use reason, logic, and facts to avoid uncomfortable feelings or situations. Many times, people use intellectualization to avoid dealing with their emotions. For instance, they might justify cheating on a test because they needed the grade to graduate.
Regression
Regression involves an individual coping with a traumatic, stressful, or anxiety-provoking situation by returning to an earlier developmental stage, or going psychologically back to a period in time.
For instance, a child who was abused and has been potty trained might start bedwetting again. It’s possible for regression to occur at any stage of your life.
Sublimation
Sublimation, in many cases, is a positive defense mechanism. People who use it as a defense mechanism will substitute their more aggressive or problematic impulses with healthier and more positive alternatives.
For instance, a person who has been feeling a lot of pent-up anger and frustration might start playing a contact sport like football to channel these emotions healthily.
Dissociation
Dissociation involves disconnecting from yourself and your own thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity. It often happens in response to a traumatic situation, like when a person is being abused. Like all defense mechanisms, forms of dissociation can range from mild to extreme.
Symptoms of dissociation may include having an out-of-body experience (which may happen during extreme physical violence such as rape or assault), feeling like you’re a different person, feeling emotionally or physically numb or detached, and not feeling any pain. “Zoning out” is a very mild form of dissociation.
A person who frequently uses dissociation as a defense mechanism might develop a dissociative disorder. If you have a dissociative disorder, you’ll have no control over the situations and scenarios you dissociate from. Dissociation often happens unconsciously.
Displacement
Displacement involves taking out difficult feelings, frustrations, and impulses on a less threatening person or object. For example, someone who is yelled at by their boss and has a bad day at work might not say anything directly to their boss. However, they may come home and yell at or take their frustrations out on their child.
Why People Use Defense Mechanisms
Many defense mechanisms happen unconsciously as attempts to protect your ego and to avoid uncomfortable feelings, thoughts, or impulses. They can range from mild to extreme and maladaptive to adaptive.
People who have been abused and have mental health conditions like anxiety and depression often use defense mechanisms to cope in their day-to-day lives. While using defense mechanisms in the short term might make you feel good, you should avoid them as often as you can.
It can be helpful to work with a therapist to help identify and understand how defense mechanisms show up in your life, psyche, and reactions so you can deepen your awareness and expand your choice about how to react when stressful situations or feelings arise.
When You Might Need Help
If you find that you are routinely falling back on defense mechanisms to cope even in the slightest of uncomfortable situations, you might need help.
Help for people who depend on defense mechanisms is often therapy. In therapy, you’ll be equipped with the means to develop adaptive ways to deal with stressful, uncomfortable, or overwhelming situations.
If your unconscious usage of defense mechanisms results in significant functional impairment, you may want to consult with a psychiatrist or physician to explore how medication may help.
What This Means For You
Defense mechanisms are common and expected. Using a defense mechanism to protect yourself in specific scenarios can be adaptive. For instance, intellectualizing a challenging situation can help you realize that maybe some positive change came from it.
However, it would be best not to rely on harmful defense mechanisms whenever you are in a difficult situation because it may cause you to disconnect from reality. If you need assistance, don’t hesitate to reach out to a mental health professional.
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What Is a Dependent Variable?
Key Takeaways
- The dependent variable is the one being measured in an experiment.
- The dependent variable depends on changes made to the independent variable.
- On a graph, the dependent variable is placed on the y-axis.
The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. This is different than the independent variable, which is a variable that stands on its own. For example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants’ test scores since that is what is being measured and the independent variable would be tutoring.
Learn how to tell the difference between dependent and independent variables. We also share how dependent variables are selected in research and a few examples to increase your understanding of how these variables are used in real-life studies.
The dependent variable is called “dependent” because it is thought to depend, in some way, on the variations of the independent variable.
Independent vs. Dependent Variable
In a psychology experiment, researchers study how changes in one variable (the independent variable) change another variable (the dependent variable). Manipulating independent variables and measuring the effect on dependent variables allows researchers to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.
These experiments can range from simple to quite complicated, so it can sometimes be a bit confusing to know how to identify the independent vs. dependent variables. Here are a couple of questions to ask to help you learn which is which.
Which Variable Is the Experimenter Measuring?
Keep in mind that the dependent variable is the one being measured. So, if the experiment is trying to see how one variable affects another, the variable that is being affected is the dependent variable.
In many psychology experiments and studies, the dependent variable is a measure of a certain aspect of a participant’s behavior. In an experiment looking at how sleep affects test performance, for instance, the dependent variable would be test performance.
One way to help identify the dependent variable is to remember that it depends on the independent variable. When researchers make changes to the independent variable, they then measure any changes to the dependent variable.
Which Variable Does the Experimenter Manipulate?
The independent variable is “independent” because the experimenters are free to vary it as they need. This might mean changing the amount, duration, or type of variable that the participants in the study receive as a treatment or condition.
For example, it’s common for treatment-based studies to have some subjects receive a certain treatment while others receive no treatment at all (often called a sham or placebo treatment). In this case, the treatment is an independent variable because it is the one being manipulated or changed.
How to Choose a Dependent Variable
How do researchers determine what will be a good dependent variable? There are a few key features a scientist might consider.
Stability
Stability is often a good sign of a higher-quality dependent variable. If the experiment is repeated with the same participants, conditions, and experimental manipulations, the effects on the dependent variable should be very close to what they were the first time around.
Complexity
A researcher might also choose dependent variables based on the complexity of their study. While some studies only have one dependent variable and one independent variable, it is possible to have several of each type.
Researchers might also want to learn how changes in a single independent variable affect several dependent variables. For example, imagine an experiment where a researcher wants to learn how the messiness of a room influences people’s creativity levels.
This research might also want to see how the messiness of a room might influence a person’s mood. The messiness of a room would be the independent variable and the study would have two dependent variables: level of creativity and mood.
Ability to Operationalize
Operationalization is defined as “translating a construct into its manifestation.” In simple terms, it refers to how a variable will be measured. So, a good dependent variable is one that you are able to measure.
If measuring burnout, for instance, researchers might decide to use the Maslach Burnout Inventory. If measuring depression, they could use the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).
Dependent Variable Examples
When learning to identify the dependent variables in an experiment, it can be helpful to look at examples. Here are just a few dependent variable examples in psychology research.
- How does the amount of time spent studying influence test scores? The test scores would be the dependent variable and the amount of studying would be the independent variable. The researcher could also change the independent variable by instead evaluating how age or gender influences test scores.
- How does stress influence memory? The dependent variable might be scores on a memory test and the independent variable might be exposure to a stressful task.
- How does a specific therapeutic technique influence the symptoms of psychological disorders? In this case, the dependent variable might be defined as the severity of the symptoms a patient is experiencing, while the independent variable would be the use of a specific therapy method.
- Does listening to classical music help students perform better on a math exam? The scores on the math exams are the dependent variable and classical music is the independent variable.
- How long does it take people to respond to different sounds? The length of time it takes participants to respond to a sound is the dependent variable, while the sounds are the independent variable.
- Do first-born children learn to speak at a younger age than second-born children? In this example, the dependent variable is the age at which the child learns to speak and the independent variable is whether the child is first- or second-born.
- How does alcohol use influence reaction time while driving? The amount of alcohol a participant ingests is the independent variable, while their performance on the driving test is the dependent variable.
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How to Know If You’re Demisexual: Meaning, Signs, History
Key Takeaways
- A demisexual person feels sexually attracted to someone only after forming an emotional bond.
- Demisexuality is not the same as asexuality; demisexuals do feel sexual attraction, but only with an emotional connection.
- You might be demisexual if you only feel attracted to people after getting to know them.
A person who is demisexual experiences sexual attraction only when they feel a true emotional bond with another person.
In other words, a demisexual person may not feel sexually attracted to a person they randomly see at a coffee shop, but if they were to start talking to that person and form an emotional connection, they might then become sexually attracted to them over time.
As is the case with any type of sexuality, there’s much room for nuance here. For that reason, any definition of demisexuality isn’t absolutely concrete. It’s up to the individual to truly define what their own sexuality looks like and how it presents itself.
History of the Term ‘Demisexual’
The earliest instance of the term demisexual dates back to 2006, when it was coined in the Asexuality Visibility & Education Network forums.
By 2008, the word ‘demisexuality’ had become more mainstream in the modern lexicon, likely as a result of others closely identifying with the term. Even some dating websites allow users to select ‘demisexual’ as their sexual orientation.
“We are now learning that being open to fluidity with respect to lifestyle and preference is the best approach,” said Dr. Margaret Seide, a board-certified psychiatrist and faculty member at New York University.
When Does Someone Who Identifies as Demisexual Become Physically Attracted to Someone?
While it’s true that many people do want to experience an emotional connection to another person before engaging in any sort of sexual intimacy, this isn’t considered the same thing as being demisexual.
A demisexual person doesn’t feel sexual attraction toward someone until they’ve bonded, whereas someone else might develop an emotional bond only after they’ve experienced that spark of sexual attraction.
The difference is that those who identify as demisexual cannot feel attracted to people they don’t already have an emotional bond with or know on a deeper level. For example, a demisexual person wouldn’t find themselves attracted to a famously “sexy” celebrity or even a classically attractive person on the street—in other words, they tend not to feel that same intensity or longing the way others might.
Another way to look at it—a demisexual person doesn’t feel sexual attraction toward someone until they’ve bonded, whereas someone else might develop an emotional bond only after they’ve experienced that spark of sexual attraction.
Where Demisexuality Falls on the Sexuality Spectrum
Many demisexual people consider themselves to be on the asexual spectrum. While they may become attracted to another person over time, they don’t feel primary attraction, which is the initial attraction based on appearance, voice, or smell. However, other demisexuals feel that the term “asexuality” doesn’t fit their personal experience.
Demisexuality describes the circumstances in which a person experiences attraction. Who the person is attracted to can vary. Demisexuals may consider themselves heterosexual, bisexual, gay, lesbian, queer, polyamorous, or pansexual. Regarding gender, a demisexual person might identify as male, female, agender, or nonbinary.
Margaret Seide, MD
With something as complex and multi-layered as human sexuality, it makes sense that one word doesn’t capture someone’s full experience as a sexual being.
— Margaret Seide, MD
Again, the primary difference that sets demisexuals apart from others is that they almost always (if not always) find themselves sexually attracted to a person only once they’ve bonded with them on a more intimate, emotional, or spiritual level.
It’s also worth pointing out that a person might consider themselves demisexual at one point in their lives and feel differently at another point. People are ever-evolving and fluid.
“If that seems confusing, it may be because human sexuality is not easily labeled, defined, and put into a neat category,” Seide said. “With something as complex and multi-layered as human sexuality, it makes sense that one word doesn’t capture someone’s full experience as a sexual being.”
The Difference Between Demisexual and Sapiosexual
The terms demisexual and sapiosexual are sometimes conflated. Though somewhat similar, they are actually two very different terms.
A demisexual person is someone who feels sexual attraction to someone only once they’ve emotionally bonded, a sapiosexual person finds themselves especially attracted to someone they view as intelligent.
Intelligence is a characteristic that you can assume about a person without knowing them at all or only minimally. For example, a sapiosexual person can feel captivated by someone based only on finding out they are a Rhodes Scholar or a nuclear physicist. This wouldn’t be in line with a demisexual, who requires more emotional depth.
So, Why Are the Terms Often Confused?
“Intelligence is a quality that can be known from a distance by that person’s accomplishments, but intelligence is also potentially an endearing and alluring quality that can form the basis for warmth and bonding. So, being a sapiosexual and demisexual [are] not the same, but not entirely separate,” Dr. Seide says.
Common Misconceptions About Demisexuality
Confusion about demisexuality is common. Many assumptions about demisexual persons are false:
- “It’s not a thing.” Many people experience sexual attraction in this way—enough to make the term useful. Like other words that people use to describe themselves and others, it’s a kind of shorthand that helps clarify a person’s preference when communicating with others, especially when dating.
- “Demisexuality is the same as asexuality.” Asexual people don’t (or rarely) experience sexual attraction or desire. Demisexual people do—just not in the same way as many others.
- “Demisexuals are gay/bisexual/asexual etc.” The term doesn’t describe attraction to a particular sex; it’s about if and how a person is attracted to another, not to whom they are attracted.
- “Demisexuals fear, hate, or feel shame about sex.” Demisexuality is not a moral choice, nor does it reflect a person’s view of sex itself. Demisexuals simply don’t feel attracted to people they don’t know.
- “Demisexuals have to be in love to have sex.” People who are demisexual require an emotional connection to feel attraction, but this isn’t limited to love and is particular to the person. This connection might be a close friendship, for example.
How to Know If You’re Demisexual
“[This current-day approach to sex] is so standard that it creates the need to define behavior that differs from that with a term like demisexual,” Dr. Seide said. “If you are only drawn to someone after you get to know their personality, their life story, and trust that person, you may be demisexual.”
Signs You May Be Demisexual
It’s possible that you’re demisexual if:
- You don’t feel sexually attracted to people unless you’ve gotten to know them
- It takes you a while to develop feelings of attraction to someone
- You don’t enjoy casual sex or friends-with-benefits relationships
- You prefer to take your time getting to know another person before getting involved romantically or sexually
How to Be Supportive of Demisexual People
Maybe a friend casually mentioned that they identify as demisexual, or perhaps someone came to you in confidence to share this intimate detail about themselves. It could also be possible that someone you’re romantically interested in has told you that they’re demisexual.
Whatever the case, it’s important to be sensitive, accepting, and patient.
It’s understandable if you’re not demisexual, but are dating someone who is, to feel hurt or slighted when sex is currently off the table. However, patience is vital to the ultimate success of your relationship, and it’s important to have a clear conversation about what your needs are and determine if the relationship is one you want to pursue.
Above all, it’s important to respect the other person’s boundaries and keep communication clear and honest.
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How to not be creepy when you approach a woman
Confidence doesn’t mean being slick — it means being real. Click the link in bio to learn how to approach women naturally and …
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