What It Means to Be Left-Brained vs. Right-Brained


Key Takeaways

  • The left-brain, right-brain theory is a myth, as both sides of the brain work together for most activities.
  • Regular exercise and mental activities can improve your brain health.
  • A healthy diet and enough sleep are vital for brain function and health.

Have you ever heard people say that they are more of a left-brained vs. a right-brained thinker? From books to TV shows, you’ve probably heard the phrase mentioned numerous times. Or perhaps you’ve even taken an online test to determine whether you are right-brained or left-brained.

Given the popularity of the idea of “left-brained” and “right-brained” thinkers, it might surprise you to learn that this idea is just one of many myths about the brain.

Like most things in life, it’s not all or nothing, or this OR that. We have to remember that regardless of which side of the brain is more dominant for us, both sides are involved.

Michela Buttignol for Verywell Mind


Left Brain vs Right Brain Traits

People described as left-brain thinkers are told they have strong math and logic skills. On the other hand, those who are described as right-brain thinkers are told that their talents are more on the creative side of things. Here are a few traits of each.

Traits of a Left-Brained Person

The left side of the brain is adept at certain tasks. Characteristics of the left brain include those related to:

  • Language
  • Logic
  • Critical thinking
  • Numbers
  • Reasoning

What are “left-brained” people like? They are described as logical, analytical, and orderly. The theory suggests that people who are left-brain dominant do well in careers that involve linear thinking, math, and verbal information. This includes careers such as accountant, scientist, or computer programmer.

Traits of a Right-Brained Person

According to the left-brain, right-brain dominance theory, the right side of the brain is best at expressive and creative tasks. There are several abilities popularly associated with the right side of the brain. Based on these, a right-brained thinker is good at:

  • Recognizing faces
  • Expressing emotions
  • Creating music
  • Reading emotions
  • Appreciating color
  • Using imagination
  • Being intuitive
  • Being creative

So what are so-called “right-brained people” like? They are often described as being more emotional, intuitive, and creative. They are often described as doing well in careers that involve creative expression and free-thinking, such as becoming an artist, psychologist, or writer.

Theory of Left Brain vs Right Brain Dominance

According to the theory of left brain or right brain dominance, each side of the brain controls different types of thinking. Additionally, people are said to prefer one type of thinking over the other.

For example, a person who is “left-brained” is often said to be more logical, analytical, and objective. A person who is “right-brained” is said to be more intuitive, thoughtful, and subjective.

In psychology, the theory is based on the lateralization of brain function. The brain contains two hemispheres that each perform a number of roles. The two sides of the brain communicate with one another via the corpus callosum.

The left hemisphere controls the muscles on the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere controls those on the left. This is why damage to the left side of the brain, for example, might have an effect on the right side of the body.

Click Play to Learn About the Left Brain and the Right Brain

History of Left Brain vs. Right Brain Theory

So does one side of the brain control specific functions? Are people either left-brained or right-brained? Like many popular psychology myths, this one grew out of observations of the human brain that were then dramatically distorted and exaggerated.

The left-brain-right-brain theory originated in the work of Roger W. Sperry, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981. He studied brain functioning in patients who had their corpus callosum (the structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain) surgically severed to treat refractory epilepsy.

However, these patients also experienced other symptoms after the communication pathway between the two sides of the brain was cut. For example, many split-brain patients found themselves unable to name objects that were processed by the right side of the brain but were able to name objects that were processed by the left side of the brain. Based on this information, Sperry suggested that language was controlled by the left side of the brain.

Generally speaking, the left side of the brain tends to control many aspects of language and logic, while the right side tends to handle spatial information and visual comprehension.

Left Brain vs. Right Brain Research

Later research has shown that the brain is not nearly as dichotomous as once thought. For example, research has shown that abilities in subjects such as math are strongest when both halves of the brain work together.

Today, neuroscientists know that the two sides of the brain collaborate to perform a broad variety of tasks and that the two hemispheres communicate through the corpus callosum. “No matter how lateralized the brain can get, though, the two sides still work together,” science writer Carl Zimmer explained in an article for Discover magazine.

“The pop psychology notion of a left brain and a right brain doesn’t capture their intimate working relationship. The left hemisphere specializes in picking out the sounds that form words and working out the syntax of the phrase, for example, but it does not have a monopoly on language processing. The right hemisphere is more sensitive to the emotional features of language, tuning in to the slow rhythms of speech that carry intonation and stress.”

In one study by researchers at the University of Utah, more than 1,000 participants had their brains analyzed in order to determine if they preferred using one side over the other.

The study revealed that while activity was sometimes higher in certain critical regions, both sides of the brain were essentially equal in their activity on average.

“It’s absolutely true that some brain functions occur in one or the other side of the brain. Language tends to be on the left, attention more on the right. But people don’t tend to have a stronger left- or right-sided brain network. It seems to be determined more connection by connection,” explained the study’s lead author Dr. Jeff Anderson.

So while people are often described as being either right-brained or left-brained, the truth is that they are actually both. While the idea of left-brain vs. right-brain thinkers has been debunked, its popularity persists.

Persisting Myths of the Left Brain vs. Right Brain

Researchers have demonstrated that left-brain/right-brain theory is a myth, yet its popularity persists. Why? Unfortunately, many people are likely unaware that the theory is outdated. In fact, the idea seems to have taken on a mind of its own within popular culture.

From magazine articles to books to online quizzes, you are bound to see information suggesting that you can unleash the power of your mind if you just discover which side of your brain is stronger or more dominant.

Today, students might continue to learn about the theory as a point of historical interest—to understand how our ideas about how the brain works have evolved and changed over time as researchers have learned more about how the brain operates. 

While over-generalized and overstated by popular psychology and self-help texts, understanding your strengths and weaknesses in certain areas can help you develop better ways to learn and study. For example, students who have a difficult time following verbal instructions (often cited as a right-brain characteristic) might benefit from writing down directions and developing better organizational skills.

Clinical psychologist Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS recommends that we take time to think about our unique strengths and traits and think about what areas we may want to work on or improve. “We can all benefit from improving our brain health, but first we have to identify what may be working for us, or not, and what areas we may want to exercise in order to make them stronger,” she explains. “The great news is that we can improve our brain health, build on our strengths, and create new ways of thinking and doing—it just takes identifying it and then practicing it!”

Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS

We can all benefit from improving our brain health, but first we have to identify what may be working for us, or not, and what areas we may want to exercise in order to make them stronger.

— Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS

The important thing to remember if you take one of the many left-brain/right-brain quizzes you will likely encounter online is that they are entirely for fun, and you shouldn’t place much stock in your results.

Improving Brain Health Whether You Feel Left-Brained or Right-Brained

Whether you feel like you tend to be more of a creative type or an analytical type, there are things that you can do to keep your mind sharp and your brain healthy. 

  • Get regular exercise: Research has found that exercise has a protective effect on cognition and brain health as people age.
  • Keep your mind active: Studies found that people who are mentally active and work in mentally challenging fields, such as academics, tend to have better brain health. 
  • Socialize: Social support is important for psychological well-being, but it is also essential for the health of your brain, particularly as you age. 
  • Eat a healthy diet: The foods you eat can also impact your brain’s health and function. Focus on eating a balanced diet focused primarily on fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, healthy fats, and complex carbs.
  • Get enough rest: Sleep is essential to brain health and mental function, so focus on getting enough rest each night. Practice healthy sleep habits and stick to a regular sleep-wake schedule.

No matter what type of thinking you are doing, both sides of your brain are involved. The right-brain, left-brain theory might be inaccurate, but that doesn’t mean that understanding your strengths is not helpful. You can also take steps to protect the health of your brain by getting regular exercise, sleeping well, staying social, and putting your mind to use.


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What Is My Attachment Style? Take the Quiz

Key Takeaways

  • Attachment styles are formed in early childhood based on interactions with caregivers.
  • There are four main attachment styles: secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized.
  • Attachment styles can influence how we behave in romantic and close relationships.

This short free 15-question quiz measures feelings associated with the four main attachment styles—secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized. This quiz is not a formal medical or diagnostic test and should not be interpreted as clinical or medical advice.

The Attachment Style Quiz

The Four Attachment Styles

Early attachment styles may not be exactly the same as those in adult relationships, but they can be a good predictor of adult behavior patterns. 

Your attachment style consists of a variation of attachment strategies, which strategies show up the most depend on the overall safety you have felt in relationships.

Yolanda Renteria, LPC

Secure Attachment 

Those of us with a secure attachment style are able to build healthy long-term relationships. A secure attachment generally leads to good self-esteem and the ability to enjoy close relationships, seek social support, and share feelings with others.

To put it simply, secure attachment is what most of us want.

Children who develop this attachment style had parents or primary caregivers who were more attentive to their needs. They felt safe, loved, and understood. Securely attached children sought comfort from the parent or caregiver when scared and preferred the comfort of this adult to strangers. 

Research suggests that securely attached children are more empathetic as they get older.

Anxious or Ambivalent Attachment 

Anxious attachment style, also called ambivalent attachment, is a type of insecure attachment. If you have this attachment style, you may tend to be wary of getting close to others and worry whether a romantic partner loves you or not.

It’s not easy for any of us when a relationship ends, but anxious attachment can make things especially difficult.

Children who are ambivalently attached are typically suspicious of strangers and distressed when separated from a caregiver. But unlike securely attached children, those with anxious or ambivalent attachment don’t seem to be comforted by the parent or caregiver’s return, and they may even refuse comfort.

Avoidant Attachment

Avoidant attachment style is marked by challenges with intimacy and close relationships. If you are avoidant, you might not be willing or able to share thoughts and feelings with others, and may even have problems with intimacy.

In some cases, this may look like what is commonly called “commitment phobia.”

Those of us with this attachment style may not invest as much emotion in relationships as others, and tend not to be as disappointed when relationships end. That last part may sound like a good way to protect ourselves from getting hurt (and it is!), but it’s also a good way to prevent ourselves from finding meaningful, long-lasting relationships.

Children with an avoidant attachment may have had caregivers who weren’t emotionally available. They may have been left to take care of themselves because they couldn’t rely on a parent or guardian. These children might avoid parents and caregivers and not have a preference between a caregiver and a stranger.

Disorganized Attachment

A disorganized attachment style includes a mix of behaviors. A person with this attachment style might be clingy at one time and emotionally distant at another time. It’s typically a response to parents or caregivers who may have been abusive or neglectful.

A child with a disorganized attachment style might feel both fear and comfort toward a caregiver, which can be confusing.

What Should I Know About Attachment?

Attachment describes the way people form relationships and how they interact and behave in those relationships. Our attachment style is formed during early childhood by the way we interact with our parents or primary caregivers. 

John Bowlby, a researcher credited as a creator of attachment theory, described attachment as “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.” He believed that forming attachment was also part of human survival, and these early childhood experiences shape development and behavior later in life.

Your bond with a primary caregiver forms the basis for your attachment with others. Children who can rely on their caregivers to be there consistently and meet their basic and emotional needs will likely see the same trend in other relationships and believe it’s safe to rely on others for comfort.

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth built on Bowlby’s work with her own study and concluded that there were three main attachment styles. Researchers then added a fourth style.

Who Is This Attachment Style Quiz For?

We all want to know why our relationships work—or don’t work, as the case may be. While a number of factors contribute to the success or failure of our long-term relationships, our attachment style represents a possible underlying explanation for our relationship behaviors that we didn’t previously understand.

This attachment style quiz is based on the four main attachment styles recognized by researchers and mental health providers. Each response corresponds to a different attachment style.

This quiz can be helpful if you want to learn more about attachment styles, what yours may be, and how attachment could impact your relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners. It can help you better understand your behaviors in relationships and determine if you could benefit from working with a mental health professional to discuss concerns about your attachment.

Attachment theory has been making waves in recent years as we explore more ways in which the events of our childhood years can impact us today, especially with regards to our romantic and other close interpersonal relationships. The topic has exploded on TikTok, to the tune of over 16 million views tied to attachment, as mental health professionals and influencers alike take to the social media platform to share their knowledge of the topic.

Is My Attachment Set in Stone?

Remember, it’s called attachment theory for a reason. How we act under certain circumstances doesn’t define the rest of our lives and all future relationships. So even if you think you have a fix on your attachment style after taking this quiz, know that it may only be one small piece of the puzzle that is your life.

Old behaviors can be unlearned and replaced with new ones, and even a string of unsuccessful relationships doesn’t mean you have an insecure attachment style. All it may take is the right person and the right relationship to overturn everything you think you knew about your connection and attachment to others.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Sheinbaum, T., Kwapil, T. R., Ballespí, S., Mitjavila, M., Chun, C. A., Silvia, P. J., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Attachment style predicts affect, cognitive appraisals, and social functioning in daily life. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 296. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00296.

  2. Cassidy J, Berlin LJ. The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: theory and research. Child Dev. 1994;65(4):971-91. PMID: 7956474

  3. Reisz S, Duschinsky R, Siegel DJ. Disorganized attachment and defense: exploring John Bowlby’s unpublished reflections. Attach Hum Dev. 2018;20(2):107-134. doi: 10.1080/14616734.2017.1380055

  4. Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759–775. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759

Additional Reading

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By Rena Goldman

Rena Goldman is a health writer and editor with over a decade of experience. Her work has been featured Medical News Today, Healthline, and more.




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How to Recognize the Signs Someone Is Using You

Key Takeaways

  • Recognize when someone is using you by identifying if they often ask for favors and take but don’t give back.
  • Protect yourself by setting healthy boundaries to prevent being taken advantage of.
  • Seek guidance from a mental health professional or trusted person to help you manage relationships where you feel used.

Have you ever gotten the feeling that someone is manipulating you for their benefit? Or that they care more about what you can offer them than they do about you? In these situations, it’s possible that you’re being used. When someone is using you, it means they are manipulating or taking advantage of you for their own benefit.

When someone says they feel “used” by someone it typically means the person feels their rights have either been violated or they have been taken advantage of in some way, says Meghan Marcum, PsyD, chief psychologist at AMFM Healthcare.

“In some cases, the individual being used may not recognize the pattern until long after the behaviors first start. On other occasions, the individual is keenly aware they have been manipulated for another person’s gain right away,” says Marcum.

Keep reading to learn how to identify some signs that you’re being used and explore strategies to help you put a stop to it.

Signs You’re Being Used

Recognizing the signs of being used is important, but it isn’t always cut and dry. Sometimes, it’s easy to spot the signs that someone is using you, but in other cases, this behavior can be much more subtle.

While everyone’s circumstances are different, these are some signs that someone may be using you, according to Marcum:

  • The person asks you for money, favors, or other items. For instance, they may ask you to lend them money or pay their bills.
  • The person imposes on you without consideration for your availability or preferences. For instance, they may move in with you unexpectedly or want to borrow your car at a moment’s notice.
  • The person expects you to take care of their needs. For instance, if you go out for dinner with them, they may not offer to pay and simply expect you to pick up the tab.
  • The person appears disinterested in you after their needs have been met. For instance, they may use you to meet their needs but may not want to spend time with you otherwise.
  • The person is only affectionate or intimate with you when it’s convenient for them. For instance, they may be affectionate toward you until they get what they want.
  • The person doesn’t make an effort to be there for you when you need them. For instance, even though they borrow your car regularly, they may not agree to give you a ride to the airport.
  • The relationship feels one-sided. They always expect things from you, but they never reciprocate.

Signs someone is using you may vary depending on the nature of the relationship. A friend who is using you may only want to do things together at their convenience. They may expect you to listen to them, but not be willing to hear what you have to say.

In a relationship, being used might involve selfishness and disinterest in your needs. It may also involve someone only being interested in a sexual relationship while refusing to make any other type of emotional commitment.

Commonly Used Tactics

People who are using you may also employ psychologically manipulative or abusive tactics to influence your actions and disguise their behavior. Examples of strategies they may use include:

  • Gaslighting: This involves denying your reality to make you doubt yourself and the abuse.
  • Love bombing: This behavior involves showering you with intense affection and attention to manipulate you.
  • Future faking is an extreme form of love bombing in which a person makes grand promises for the future that they never follow up on.
  • Passive aggression: This behavior uses passive, indirect expressions of negative feelings to avoid direct communication while still influencing your behavior.
  • Criticism: The manipulator may criticize you to undermine your sense of self-worth and make you doubt yourself, making you easier to influence and manipulate.
  • Isolation: They may isolate you from your friends and loved ones so that they have more control.

DARVO is a tactic that some people use to manipulate others. It stands for Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim. Using this strategy, the manipulator will deny that they are doing something wrong, act aggressively, and then reverse roles to claim that they are the victim and that you are manipulating or harming them.

Reasons People Use Others

When someone uses you, it means they are taking advantage of you or manipulating you in some way for their own gain. It’s a painful experience, and sometimes recognizing why people engage in this type of behavior can be helpful.

Common reasons why people use others include:

  • Selfishness: They have a desire to get what they want and will do anything, including hurting others, to get it.
  • Greed: They may use others for financial gain.
  • Retaliation: They might feel that someone used them in the past, so they use others as a way to get revenge.
  • Sex: They may sexually exploit others for their own pleasure.
  • Control: Using others helps them to feel more in control.
  • Insecurity: People with poor self-esteem may use others as a way to boost their self-image
  • Lack of empathy: People who don’t understand how their actions affect others may be more likely to exploit and manipulate.
  • Beliefs about relationships: Those who see relationships as purely transactional often feel that they should be able to derive specific benefits with little concern for the other person’s feelings.

Sometimes, using others can be related to a mental health condition such as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) or substance use disorders.

The Effects of Someone Using You

It never feels good for someone to take advantage of you. It can make you feel poorly about yourself and take a negative toll on your relationships. It can also make it harder to trust other people in the future. According to Marcum, here are some of the ways that you might be affected if someone has been using you:

Impact on Mental Health

Being taken advantage of can lead to significant mental health problems, especially if you have been used or harmed in a previous relationship. It can manifest symptoms associated with anxiety, depression, and trauma. Over time, you may have difficulty trusting others and forming new relationships.

Impact on Relationships

Meghan Marcum, PsyD

Being used is definitely not a sign of a healthy relationship. It means one person is taking excessively while the other is making all the sacrifices.

— Meghan Marcum, PsyD

It disrupts the power balance within the relationship. In a healthy relationship, both partners would be responsible for providing support, trust, and emotional security to their partner.

Strategies to Avoid Being Used

Marcum lists some steps you can take to avoid being used:

  • Set boundaries: Learning to identify violations to interpersonal boundaries and setting healthy boundaries is a great way to start protecting your mental health and ensuring you’re not being used.
  • Work on your self-esteem: Working to build self-compassion and recognizing your value can also help limit the possibility of being taken advantage of in relationships. 
  • Seek guidance: Seeking guidance from a mental health professional, mentor, or someone you look up to can also be helpful as you work toward creating healthy boundaries.
Sanjana Gupta Bio Photo

By Sanjana Gupta

Sanjana is a health writer and editor. Her work spans various health-related topics, including mental health, fitness, nutrition, and wellness.


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Find Out If It’s the Real Thing or Simply a Crush

Key Takeaways

  • This love quiz helps determine if your feelings are love by focusing on emotions like attachment, passion, and commitment.
  • Being in love might mean you care about someone’s needs as much as your own and want to peacefully solve disagreements.
  • Falling in love means seeing your partner’s flaws and still wanting them in your future.

Wondering if your feelings for your partner could be love? This love test can help you measure the emotions people feel that are associated with love, such as attachment, passion, care, intimacy, trust, and commitment. 

What’s Love Got to Do With It?

Honestly, a lot. Love is an important part of the human experience. There are tons of different ways to love people. For example, the way we would love a family member isn’t the same way we would feel love for a romantic partner. In the past, romantic love was mainly discussed by writers and centered in many well-known love stories. 

Fast forward to now, researchers have studied love and come up with theories on how and why we experience it. The jury’s still out on whether love is biological – linked to hormones and biology – or cultural – linked to social systems. It might be a little of both.

Research suggests that the hormone oxytocin, AKA “the hormone of love,” can have an effect on social behaviors. There’s also some evidence to suggest that the culture we grow up in can determine the way we view love and how we act in romantic relationships. Still, we’re all individuals who bring personal experiences into love and relationships. 

Turns out, love can also have an impact on our mental and physical health. Loving relationships with healthy attachment can lower our risk of heart disease, depression, stress, and even diabetes.

Who Is This Love Test For?

Whether you’re catching feelings for a certain someone or curious about whether it’s love or lust in your current situationship/relationship, this quiz is for you. It won’t tell us if we should stay in a relationship, but it can help us better understand our feelings. Each question relates to feelings associated with love. 

Being in love involves seeing the imperfections in your partner and still accepting them. Whereas non-romantic love is centered on the positive things you gain or aspects of them you enjoy.


SABRINA ROMANOFF, PSYD

Sabrina Romanoff

Is This Love Test Legit?

This love test is based on the feelings and experiences researchers and psychologists have identified as being associated with love. Each response corresponds to our feelings about love—a strong chance of being in love, likely not in romantic love, or not in love. To put it simply, yes!

How Do I Know I’m in Love?

Although researchers have identified common emotions associated with love, the feelings of love aren’t exactly one-size-fits-all. Here are some signs you may be falling in love with a romantic interest: 

  • You don’t want to date anyone else! Chances are, you’d rather use your time and energy to focus on the person you have feelings for.
  • You try to get through disagreements peacefully because you want to maintain the relationship and don’t want to hurt the other person. 
  • You care about this person’s needs, interests, and desires as much as you care about your own.
  • You feel grateful to have them in your life.
  • Your feelings for them are consistent and just keep getting stronger.
  • You’re interested in conversation and emotional connection—it’s not just about the physical.
  • You see them in your future plans.
  • You can have a disagreement, and your feelings toward them don’t change.
  • You enjoy their company and look forward to doing the little things, even grocery shopping, with them.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Oxytocin and love: Myths, metaphors and mysteriesComprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2022;9:100107.

  2. Karandashev V. A cultural perspective on romantic loveOnline Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2015;5(4). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1135

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By Rena Goldman

Rena Goldman is a health writer and editor with over a decade of experience. Her work has been featured Medical News Today, Healthline, and more.


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Defense Mechanisms: Definition, Types, Examples, Solutions


 Defense Mechanism Brief Description  Example
Displacement Taking feelings out on others Being angry at your boss but taking it out on your spouse instead
Denial Denying that something exists Being the victim of a violent crime, yet denying that the incident occurred
Repression Unconsciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind Being abused as a child but not remembering the abuse
Suppression Consciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind Being abused as a child but choosing to push it out of your mind
Sublimation Converting unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets Being upset with your spouse but going for a walk instead of fighting
Projection Assigning your own unacceptable feelings or qualities to others  Feeling attracted to someone other than your spouse, then fearing that your spouse is cheating on you
Intellectualization Thinking about stressful things in a clinical way Losing a close family member and staying busy with making the necessary arrangements instead of feeling sad
Rationalization Justifying an unacceptable feeling or behavior with logic Being denied a loan for your dream house, then saying it’s a good thing because the house was too big anyway
Regression Reverting to earlier behaviors Hugging a teddy bear when you’re stressed, like you did when you were a child
Reaction Formation Replacing an unwanted impulse with its opposite   Being sad about a recent breakup, but acting happy about it

Displacement

Have you ever had a really bad day at work, then went home and took out your frustration on family and friends? If you answered yes, you have experienced the ego defense mechanism of displacement.

Displacement involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening.

Displaced aggression is a common example of this defense mechanism. Rather than express your anger in ways that could lead to negative consequences (like arguing with your boss), you instead express your anger toward a person or object that poses no threat (such as your spouse, children, or pets).

Denial

Denial, probably one of the best-known defense mechanisms, is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring. It functions to protect the ego from things with which the person cannot cope and is used often to describe situations in which people seem unable to face reality or admit an obvious truth (e.g., “They’re in denial”).

For example, people living with drug or alcohol addiction often deny that they have a problem, while victims of traumatic events may deny that the event ever occurred.

While it may temporarily shield you from anxiety or pain, denial also requires a substantial investment of energy. Because of this, other defenses are used to help keep these unacceptable feelings from conscious awareness.

In many cases, there might be overwhelming evidence that something is true, yet the person will continue to deny its existence or truth because it is too uncomfortable to face.

Recap

Denial can involve a flat-out rejection of the existence of a fact or reality. In other cases, it might involve admitting that something is true, but minimizing its importance. Sometimes people will accept reality and the seriousness of the fact, but they will deny their own responsibility and instead blame other people or other outside forces.

Repression

Repression acts to keep information out of conscious awareness. However, these memories don’t just disappear; they continue to influence our behavior. For example, a person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child may later have difficulty forming relationships.

Suppression

Sometimes you might repress information consciously by forcing the unwanted information out of your awareness. This is known as suppression. In most cases, however, this removal of anxiety-provoking memories from awareness is believed to occur unconsciously.

Sublimation

Sublimation is a defense mechanism that allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form. For example, a person experiencing extreme anger might take up kickboxing as a means of venting frustration.

Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity and allows people to function normally in socially acceptable ways.

Projection

Projection is a defense mechanism that involves taking your own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people. For example, if you have a strong dislike for someone, you might instead believe that they do not like you.

Projection works by allowing the expression of the desire or impulse, but in a way that the ego cannot recognize, therefore reducing anxiety.

Intellectualization

Intellectualization works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold, clinical way. This defense mechanism allows us to avoid thinking about the stressful, emotional aspect of the situation and instead focus only on the intellectual component.

For example, a person who has just been diagnosed with a terminal illness might focus on learning everything about the disease in order to avoid distress and remain distant from the reality of the situation and their feelings about it.

Rationalization

Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior.

For example, a person who is turned down for a date might rationalize the situation by saying they were not attracted to the other person anyway. A student might rationalize a poor exam score by blaming the instructor rather than admitting their own lack of preparation.

Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, but it may also protect self-esteem and self-concept.

When trying to explain success or failure, people using this defense mechanism tend to attribute achievement to their own qualities and skills while failures are blamed on other people or outside forces.

Regression

When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development. Anna Freud called this defense mechanism regression and suggested that people act out behaviors from the stage of psychosexual development in which they are fixated.

For example, an individual fixated at an earlier developmental stage might cry or sulk upon hearing unpleasant news.

According to Freud, behaviors associated with regression can vary greatly depending on the stage at which a person is fixated. For example, an individual fixated at the oral stage might begin eating or smoking excessively, or might become verbally aggressive. A fixation at the anal stage might result in excessive tidiness or messiness.

Reaction Formation

Reaction formation reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior. An example of reaction formation would be treating someone you strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings.

Why do people behave this way? According to Freud, they are using reaction formation as a defense mechanism to hide their true feelings by behaving in the exact opposite manner.

7 Main Defense Mechanisms

This list is sometimes shortened to provide only seven main defense mechanisms, which are denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation.

10 Other Common Defense Mechanisms

Since Freud first described the original defense mechanisms, other researchers have continued to describe other methods of reducing anxiety. Some of these defense mechanisms include:

  • Acting out: Coping with stress by engaging in actions rather than acknowledging and bearing certain feelings. For example, instead of telling someone that you are angry with them, you might yell at them or throw something against the wall.
  • Aim inhibition: Accepting a modified form of their original goal. An example of this would be becoming a high school basketball coach rather than a professional athlete.
  • Altruism: Satisfying internal needs through helping others. For example, someone recovering from substance use might volunteer to help others in recovery as a way to deal with drug cravings.
  • Avoidance: Refusing to deal with or encounter unpleasant objects or situations. For example, rather than discuss a problem with someone, you might simply start avoiding them altogether so you don’t have to deal with the issue.
  • Compensation: Overachieving in one area to compensate for failures in another. For example, someone who feels insecure academically might compensate by excelling in athletics.
  • Dissociation: Becoming separated or removed from your experience. When dealing with something stressful, for example, you might mentally and emotionally disengage yourself from the situation.
  • Fantasy: Avoiding reality by retreating to a safe place within your mind. When something in your life is causing anxiety, you might retreat to your inner world where the cause of the stress cannot harm you.
  • Humor: Pointing out the funny or ironic aspects of a situation. An example of this might be cracking a joke in a stressful or traumatic situation.
  • Passive-aggression: Indirectly expressing anger. Instead of telling someone that you are upset, for example, you might give them the silent treatment.
  • Undoing: Trying to make up for what you feel are inappropriate thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. For example, if you hurt someone’s feelings, you might offer to do something nice for them to assuage your anxiety or guilt.

While defense mechanisms are often thought of as negative reactions, we all need them to temporarily ease stress and protect self-esteem during critical times, allowing us to focus on what is necessary at the moment.

Some of these defenses can be more helpful than others. For example, utilizing humor to overcome a stressful, anxiety-provoking situation can actually be an adaptive defense mechanism.

Recap

There are many different types of defense mechanisms that can be used to protect the ego from anxiety. Some of these can be healthier and more helpful than others.

How Do Defense Mechanisms Work?

In Sigmund Freud’s model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. 

  • The id: The part of the personality that seeks to fulfill all wants, needs, and impulses. The id is the most basic, primal part of our personalities and does not consider things such as social appropriateness, morality, or even the reality of fulfilling our wants and needs.
  • The superego: The part of the personality that tries to get the ego to act in an idealistic and moral manner. The superego is made up of all the internalized morals and values we acquire from our parents, other family members, religious influences, and society.

To deal with anxiety, Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego, and reality. So what happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality, and our own moral standards?

According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going the way they should. As a result, the ego employs some sort of defense mechanism to help reduce these feelings of anxiety.

Types of Anxiety

Not all types of anxiety are created equal. Nor do these anxieties stem from the same sources. Freud identified three types of anxiety:

  • Moral anxiety: A fear of violating our own moral principles
  • Neurotic anxiety: The unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id’s urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior
  • Reality anxiety: Fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified. For example, a person might fear a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening object.

Although we may knowingly use coping mechanisms to manage anxiety, in many cases, these defenses work unconsciously to distort reality.

Coping With Unhealthy Defense Mechanisms

While all defense mechanisms can be unhealthy, they can also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. For example, altruism, humor, sublimation, and suppression are four mature defense mechanisms that signal higher adaptiveness.

At the same time, problems can arise when defense mechanisms are overused in an attempt to avoid dealing with problems. To keep this from happening to you, here are a few ways to cope with unhealthy defenses.

  • Develop greater self-awareness. Self-awareness helps you identify when you may be using one or more defense mechanisms too often. Once you take this step, you know where you need to make changes.
  • Learn effective coping skills. If you have an unhealthy defense mechanism, learning new coping skills can help you better deal with uncomfortable emotions. Coping skills include meditation, establishing healthy boundaries, and asking for support.
  • Seek mental health therapy. Psychoanalytic therapy can help you uncover your unconscious defense mechanisms and find better, healthier ways of coping with anxiety and distress. According to licensed psychologist David Susman, PhD, “cognitive-behavioral therapy could also be helpful in addressing maladaptive use of defense mechanisms, since defense mechanisms can often contribute to irrational thoughts and beliefs as well as problematic or impulsive behaviors,” he says. “For example, someone who uses denial in the face of a diagnosis of a serious medical condition may delay or avoid going to the doctor by mentally discounting the seriousness of the health issue.”

Cognitive-behavioral therapy could also be helpful in addressing maladaptive use of defense mechanisms, since defense mechanisms can often contribute to irrational thoughts and beliefs as well as problematic or impulsive behaviors.

Remember, defense mechanisms can be both good and bad. They can serve a helpful role by protecting your ego from stress and providing a healthy outlet. In other instances, these defense mechanisms might hold you back from facing reality and can act as a form of self-deception.

If you notice that the overuse of certain defense mechanisms is having a negative impact on your life, consider consulting with a mental health professional. Psychotherapy may help whether you pursue a traditional face-to-face treatment or an online therapy option.

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What It Means According to Dream Experts

Key Takeaways

  • Dreaming about snakes can symbolize change, rebirth, and letting go of old habits.
  • The spiritual meaning of a snake in a dream can vary, often suggesting transformation or a warning of danger.
  • A black snake in a dream might indicate danger, fear, or hidden emotions.

Dreaming about snakes can have powerful and often symbolic meanings. In general, dreaming of a snake can indicate something unpredictable or untamed in your life.

Snakes can represent transformation, change, and the power to overcome obstacles in our lives. If the snake sheds its skin in your dream, it may symbolize new beginnings or letting go of old habits that no longer serve you.

In terms of prevalence, Tzivia Gover, a Certified Dreamwork Professional at Third House Moon, notes “Snakes are counted among the universal dream symbols that people experience across countries and cultures. When it comes to animals that appear in people’s dreams, snakes rank high: They are often counted among the top 3-5 animals that appear in dreams.”

What Is the Spiritual Meaning of a Snake in a Dream?

The spiritual meaning of dreaming about snakes is highly subjective according to various cultures and belief systems.

Tzivia Gover, a Certified Dreamwork Professional

When it comes to animals that appear in people’s dreams, snakes rank high: They are often counted among the top 3-5 animals that appear in dreams.

— Tzivia Gover, a Certified Dreamwork Professional

Generally, a snake in a dream can represent transformation, rebirth, or the shedding of outdated habits and beliefs.

It could also be a warning sign that something dangerous may soon enter your life, or it could symbolically represent an unknown force within you attempting to break free from its cocoon.

Is It Good to See Snakes in Dreams?

Whether dreaming about snakes is good or bad largely depends on how you interpret the dream.

How You Interpret and Perceive the Dream Matters

If you perceive the dream to be a sign of transformation, then it can be interpreted as such. However, if it feels like a warning sign from your subconscious that something dangerous may enter your life, then it might not have such positive connotations. The interpretation is entirely up to you.

What Do Two Snakes in a Dream Mean?

Dreaming about two snakes usually signifies a balance between the opposing forces in your life. It could also be an indication that you are coming to terms with the duality of who you are and what you want.

It may also represent a powerful energy that is both creative and destructive in nature.

In some cases, dreaming about two snakes can represent temptation or conflicting desires, which could signify internal conflict or inner turmoil. This could be anything from anger, fear, confusion, or guilt. It may also represent a powerful energy that is both creative and destructive in nature.

Multiple Snakes in Your Dream May Indicate Toxicity in Your Life

Lauri Quinn Loewenberg, a certified dream analyst, notes that everything about your dream is important to think about. Where the snake is, what it’s doing, and even the type of snake are all important details to think about.

“Everything in a dream is a piece of the puzzle. The bigger the snake or the more snakes there are, the bigger the issue or the more of a threat this toxic person poses. In fact, multiple snakes could be several people that are toxic in your life, for example, a toxic work environment,” says Loewenberg.

What Does It Mean When You Dream About a Snake Trying to Bite You?

If you’re being chased by a snake in a dream, it could symbolize something that is chasing you in waking life, such as an unresolved issue or an emotional burden.

Alternatively, it could represent a fear or insecurity that is preventing you from making a necessary decision or moving forward.

What If the Snake in the Dream Actually Bites Me?

If the snake actually bites you in your dream, it could symbolize a feeling of vulnerability or helplessness.

It might also point to feelings of betrayal, guilt, shame, or regret about something that happened in the past.

I Saw a Black Snake in My Dream—What Does That Mean?

A black snake in a dream can symbolize danger, fear, and the unknown. It could be a warning sign that something dangerous will soon enter your life or it could represent a suppressed emotion or hidden power within you.

Other color variations of snake dreams can symbolize different things, so it’s important to pay attention to the details of the dream. For example, a white snake can be interpreted as a sign of healing and transformation.

What Does It Mean If You Dream About a Snake Wrapping Itself Around You?

The behavior of the snake that appears in your dream can also reveal hidden messages from your subconscious.

For example, if the snake is aggressive or attacking you, it could be a sign of anxiety and fear. On the other hand, if the snake is peaceful and not confronting you, it can signify healing and renewal.

You May Be Feeling Overwhelmed

Dreaming of a snake wrapping around you can be interpreted as the feeling of being overwhelmed by something or someone in your life.

It could also symbolize passion and desire, or it could signify fear or anxiety surrounding an upcoming event.

What Does It Mean If You Dream of a Snake Slithering Away From You?

Dreaming of a snake slithering away from you might mean that you are trying to avoid something or someone in your life.

It could also signify a fear of change or uncertainty surrounding an upcoming event. Additionally, it could represent suppressed emotions or past experiences resurfacing.

What Does It Mean If a Snake Appears in a Sensual Dream?

Snakes may represent temptation or desire, particularly if the dream includes a conflict between yourself and the snake. It could also signify a power struggle or the fear of intimacy.

A snake can also be a symbol of love, so if you’ve entered a new relationship or are feeling affection for someone, it’s possible the snake is representative of that connection.

What to Do If You Dream About a Snake

If you dream about a snake, take the time to reflect on your experiences and feelings during the dream. Consider how you felt in the dream and note any symbols or details that could help explain what the dream may be trying to tell you. It can also be helpful to write down your thoughts and feelings in order to gain clarity.

Dream Interpretation Advice From a Certified Dreamwork Professional

Gover’s advice—”Because each individual has different associations and experiences, it’s best to use these interpretations as a starting point. Write about your dream, draw it, and or talk to a trusted friend or dream worker about it. Ask yourself how you felt in the dream, what snakes mean to you, and what message your dream might be bringing you.”

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Antoniou SA, Antoniou GA, Learney R, Granderath FA, Antoniou AI. The rod and the serpent: history’s ultimate healing symbolWorld J Surg. 2011;35(1):217-221. doi:10.1007/s00268-010-0686-y

  2. Holzinger B, Nierwetberg F, Cosentino L, Mayer L. DreamSenseMemory – a Gestalt-based dream-work approach embracing all our senses. Res Psychother. 2021 Aug 24;24(2):529. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.529. PMID: 34568103; PMCID: PMC8451216.

  3. Okuda J, Kiyokawa R. Snake as a symbol in medicine and pharmacy — a historical study. Yakushigaku Zasshi. 2000;35(1):25-40.

Arlin Cuncic

By Arlin Cuncic, MA

Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of The Anxiety Workbook and founder of the website About Social Anxiety. She has a Master’s degree in clinical psychology.


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50 Deep Questions to Ask Your Friends

Key Takeaways

  • Asking deep questions helps build strong friendships by creating emotional bonds.
  • Deep conversations include complex thought and require vulnerability from both parties.

Our closest friends are a true lifeline—people who care about us, understand who we are at a core level, and who remain at our side through thick and thin. Cultivating genuine, fulfilling friendships takes real work, though, and often it starts by simply asking questions.

Beginning a relationship with lighthearted questions—usually focused around interests, hobbies, and their life—is the perfect place to start. But as you develop your friendship, it makes sense to start asking deep questions to engage on a whole new level.

If you lived in a college dorm, there’s a good chance you’ve engaged in your fair share of deep conversations with friends already, and those may be some of your most cherished memories.

Asking friends deep questions is important for developing a strong bond. It’s a great way to learn more about others, increase closeness between you, and have more interesting conversations. It is a healthy attribute of any relationship and can create emotional intimacy.

Read on to discover the importance of deep questions over surface level conversation topics, check out a list of questions to get you started, and some tips on initiating deep conversations with friends so you can strengthen your relationships.

50 Deep Questions to Ask Your Friends

These questions cover a variety of topics including childhood, relationships, personal philosophies, and more. Many of them should spark natural follow up questions and conversation. You know your friends best, so choose the questions that you think may generate the best conversations and won’t make anyone too uncomfortable.

It’s also important to first make sure that you would be comfortable answering the question yourself. Once you put someone else on the hot seat, it’s only a matter of time before they turn the question back on you. Avoid anything that may be too traumatic or triggering, unless that is something you and your friends are all comfortable with.

Some of these may seem lighthearted, but actually can lead to some of the most interesting insights into you and your friends’ psyche.

Deep Questions to Ask About Relationships

These questions can help generate some interesting insights into how your friends feel about the relationships in their lives, and perhaps yield some insights into why you are good friends with them in the first place:

  • What is the most important relationship in your life?
  • What was your childhood like, and how is your relationship with your parents? 
  • What does it mean to be a good friend to you?
  • If your exes were all stuck in a room together, what would they say about you?
  • Do you think there is one person out there that each of us are meant to be with?
  • What’s the most unconventional thing that can attract you to someone?
  • What’s the most petty dealbreaker that will instantly turn you off of a potential love interest?
  • If you could change one thing about me, what would it be and why?
  • What’s your approach to handling disagreements and conflicts in your relationships?

Deep Questions to Ask About the World

Everyone has their own opinions about what is right and wrong with the world. These questions can help you and your friends dig in on how you really feel, and why you feel that way. These kinds of questions could provoke some intriguing and enlightening—but friendly—arguments.

  • If you could change one thing about the world, what would it be and why?
  • What’s something about the modern-day world that bothers you, and what’s something about it that brings you joy?
  • What is your favorite place in the world to be?
  • If you could choose any decade to live in, which one would you choose?
  • What is one thing that society has lost that you wish we could get back?
  • If you could erase one technological advancement from the world, what would it be?

Deep Questions to Ask About Life and Death

There are no bigger questions than those that address where we came from and where we’re going. These are some serious topics, so be prepared for things to get heavy. As long as you’re in a safe space, these questions will make for some fascinating conversation:

  • What are your best and worst memories from childhood?
  • What’s something that happened in grade school that really impacted who you are today?
  • Do you believe in fate, or do you think we have control over our own destinies?
  • If you could change one thing about yourself, what would it be and why?
  • Do spirituality or religion play any role in your life? Why or why not?
  • Do you regret the path your life has taken to this point?
  • If you could live a different life, what would it look like?
  • If you could erase the bad memories from your mind, would you?
  • If money were no object, what would you do with your life?
  • How do you want to be remembered?
  • Do you have any secrets that would change your whole life if they became public knowledge?
  • Would you trade a long life for a short life full of distinction and success?
  • If you could relive one day of your life, which day would it be and why?
  • If you only had 24 hours left to live, how would you spend it?
  • If you could know the day of your passing, would you want to know?

Deep Questions About Success and Failure

Sometimes, our friends may be the people we are most jealous of. But they probably feel the same about you! These questions about success and the various paths our lives can take will help you put things in perspective:

  • Where do you want to be in 10 years? Are you currently on that path?
  • Are you satisfied with your current career trajectory?
  • What are your biggest fears, and how do you cope with them? 
  • What’s a challenge you’ve recently overcome or are currently facing?
  • How do you define happiness, and what do you do to cultivate it in your life?
  • What are the core principles that guide your decision-making and actions in life?
  • Do you ever feel like a failure?
  • What’s your definition of success, and how are you working to achieve it?
  • What is the most important lesson you’ve learned in the past year?
  • What advice would you give to your younger self?

Deep Questions to Get Weirdly Philosophical

It’s time to have some fun! These questions are best asked later on in the evening when everyone has loosened up a bit and is ready to say some things that nobody expects. At first glance, some of these may not seem like serious questions, but you will be surprised by how much insight you can glean from the answers you’ll hear:

  • Would you rather time travel to the past or future?
  • What would your role be in the zombie apocalypse?
  • What fictional world would you most want to live in?
  • What skill is the closest thing you have to a superpower?
  • If your inner monologue was a book, what genre would it be?
  • If aliens came to Earth and you were the first person they saw, what would you do to communicate to them that you were friendly?
  • If you could be famous, what would you most want to be famous for?
  • What’s the most morally questionable thing you would do for a lot of money?
  • Who’s your favorite Beatle and why? (Adjust as needed for your friends’ musical tastes)

The Importance of Asking Deep Questions 

The key difference between surface level conversations and deep questions is that the former has a quick and dry answer while the latter invites both parties to explore the topic more deeply. For example, lighthearted topics might be around today’s news or what happened at work today, while a deeper conversation goes beyond the surface. 

Patel says deep conversations fulfill the following criteria: 

There’s a time and place for these lighthearted conversations, of course—you can’t be deep all the time without your exchanges becoming exhausting—but it’s important to weave in deeper subjects for juicier conversations and more fulfilling relationships. 

What Topics Are Considered Deep? 

Deep conversation categories run the gamut, but include:

  • personal values
  • life philosophies
  • family dynamics
  • interpersonal relationships
  • dreams and aspirations
  • fears
  • challenges
  • self-reflection

Reena B. Patel, clinical psychologist

Engaging in deep conversations with people allows us to develop empathy, increases our own mental wellness, and creates connections.

— Reena B. Patel, clinical psychologist

“Engaging in deep conversations with people allows us to develop empathy, increases our own mental wellness, and creates connections,” Patel explains. “It also has benefits of intellectual stimulation and increased positive emotions.”

What’s more, research shows that going beyond small talk tends to make people feel happier, even though it’s challenging to initiate these deeper conversations. A 2021 study found that people felt more connected to others when having deep conversations versus shallow ones.

Another study from 2018 found that when we have these deep bonds, it promotes self-esteem, improves life satisfaction, fosters a sense of belonging, and boosts both our mental and physical health.

Advice on Initiating Deep Conversations with Friends 

The 2021 study we referenced above was interesting in that it noted people’s desire to connect deeply, but acknowledged just how difficult it can be to start these conversations. 

Reena B. Patel, clinical psychologist

Create a space where one feels safe to share, make time, validate and establish rapport. Ask questions about their values and perspective and actively listen without judgment.

— Reena B. Patel, clinical psychologist

The truth is that asking deep questions requires vulnerability from both parties. You’ll find, though, that once you start talking about these topics the other person will open up slowly, which leads to a snowball effect of continued relationship growth. But how do you get there to begin with?

“Create a space where one feels safe to share, make time, validate and establish rapport,” Patel says. “Ask questions about their values and perspective and actively listen without judgment.”  

Remember, asking deep questions is a two-way street, meaning that there’s give and take from both sides. Remain open to your friends’ responses, be willing to share your own thoughts and experiences, and respect any desire to end the conversation or switch to a new topic.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Kardas, M., Kumar, A., & Epley, N. (2022). Overly Shallow?: Miscalibrated Expectations Create a Barrier to Deeper Conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 122(3), 367–398. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000281

  2. Amati V, Meggiolaro S, Rivellini G, Zaccarin S. Social relations and life satisfaction: the role of friends. Genus. 2018;74(1):7. doi:10.1186/s41118-018-0032-z

Wendy Rose Gould

By Wendy Rose Gould

Wendy Rose Gould is a lifestyle reporter with over a decade of experience covering health and wellness topics.


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