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The history of modern psychology spans centuries, with the earliest known mention of clinical depression appearing in 1500 BCE on an ancient Egyptian manuscript known as the Ebers Papyrus. However, it wasn’t until the 11th century that Persian physician Avicenna made a connection between emotions and physical responses in a practice dubbed “physiological psychology.”

Understanding the history of modern psychology provides insight into how this field has developed and evolved over time. It also gives a better understanding of the thought processes of some of the most influential figures in the field, ultimately emerging into psychology as we know it today.

The Birth of Modern Psychology

Some say that modern psychology was born in the 18th century, which is largely due to William Battie’s “Treatise on Madness,” published in 1758. Others consider the mid-19th century experiments conducted in Hermann von Helmholtz’s lab to be the origin of modern psychology.

Still others suggest that modern psychology began in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt—also known as the father of modern psychology—established the first experimental psychology lab. From that moment forward, the study of psychology would evolve, as it still does today.

Important Events in the History of Modern Psychology

A number of important, landmark events highlight psychology’s transformation throughout the years.

19th Century

In the 19th century, psychology was established as an empirical, accepted science. While measures would change, the model of research and evaluation would begin to take shape within this 100-year time span.

• 1869: Sir Francis Galton establishes statistical techniques to better understand the relationship between variables such as intelligence and personality in heredity studies.
• 1878: G. Stanley Hall becomes the first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.
• 1879: Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first experimental psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany dedicated to the study of the mind.
• 1883: G. Stanley Hall opens the first experimental psychology lab in the U.S. at Johns Hopkins University.
• 1885: Herman Ebbinghaus publishes his seminal “Über das Gedächtnis” (“On Memory”), in which he describes learning and memory experiments he conducted on himself.
• 1886: Sigmund Freud begins offering talk therapy known as psychoanalysis to patients in Vienna, Austria.
• 1888: James McKeen Cattell becomes the first professor of psychology in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania. He would later publish “Mental Tests and Measurements,” marking the advent of psychological assessment.
• 1890: William James publishes “Principles of Psychology,” one of the most influential texts in the field of psychology.
• 1892: G. Stanley Hall forms the American Psychological Association (APA), enlisting 26 members in the first meeting.
• 1896: Lightner Witmer establishes the first psychology clinic in America and establishes guidelines for training future clinical psychologists.
• 1898: Edward Thorndike develops the Law of Effect, explaining how behavior is learned.

1900 to 1950

The first half of the 20th century was dominated by two major figures: Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. During this segment of modern psychology’s history, these two theorists established the foundation of analysis, including Freud’s examination of the unconscious processes and psychopathology and Jung’s analytic psychology.

• 1900: Sigmund Freud publishes his landmark book, “Interpretation of Dreams.”
• 1901: The British Psychological Society is established.
• 1905: Mary Whiton Calkins is elected the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. Alfred Binet introduces the intelligence test.
• 1906: Ivan Pavlov publishes his findings on classical conditioning. Carl Jung publishes “The Psychology of Dementia Praecox.”
• 1911: Edward Thorndike publishes “Animal Intelligence,” which leads to the development of the theory of operant conditioning.
• 1912: Max Wertheimer publishes “Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement,” which leads to the development of Gestalt psychology.
• 1913: Carl Jung begins to depart from Freudian views and develop his own theories, which he refers to as analytical psychology. John B. Watson publishes “Psychology As the Behaviorist Views It,” in which he establishes the concept of behaviorism.
• 1915: Freud publishes work on repression.
• 1920: Watson and Rosalie Rayner publish research on the classical conditioning of fear, highlighting the subject of their experiment, Little Albert.
• 1932: Jean Piaget becomes the foremost cognitive developmental theorist with the publication of his work “The Moral Judgment of the Child.”
• 1935: B.F. Skinner known for his “radical behaviorism” further develops the theory of operant conditioning and researches varying schedules of reinforcement that influence the acquisition and extinction of behaviors.
• 1942: Carl Rogers develops the practice of client-centered therapy, which encourages respect and positive regard for patients.

1950 to 2000

The latter half of the 20th century centered around the standardization of diagnostic criteria for mental illness. The hallmark of this process was the publication of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This foundational tool is still in use in modern psychology and helps direct diagnosis and treatment.

• 1952: The first “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” is published.
• 1954: Abraham Maslow publishes “Motivation and Personality,” describing his theory of a hierarchy of needs. Maslow is one of the founders of humanistic psychology.
• 1958: Harry Harlow publishes “The Nature of Love,” which describes the importance of attachment and love in rhesus monkeys.
• 1961: Albert Bandura conducts his now-famous Bobo doll experiment, in which child behavior is described as a construct of observation, imitation, and modeling.
• 1963: Bandura first describes the concept of observational learning to explain aggression.
• 1967: Ulric Neisser introduces the term cognitive psychology. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck establish a new form of talk therapy known as cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy was soon to follow.
• 1968: The DSM-II is published.
• 1974: Stanley Milgram publishes “Obedience to Authority,” which describes the findings of his famous obedience experiments.
• 1980: The DSM-III is published.
• 1990: Noam Chomsky publishes “On the Nature, Use, and Acquisition of Language.”
• 1991: Steven Pinker publishes an article introducing his theories as to how children acquire language, which he later publishes in the book “The Language Instinct.”
• 1994: The DSM-IV is published.

21st Century

With the advent of genetic science, psychologists began grappling with the ways in which physiology and genetics contribute to a person’s psychological well-being in the 21st century.

• 2002: Steven Pinker publishes “The Blank Slate,” arguing against the concept of tabula rasa (the theory that the mind is a blank slate at birth). Avshalom Caspi offers the first evidence that genetics are associated with a child’s response to maltreatment. Psychologist Daniel Kahneman is awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his research on how people make judgments in the face of uncertainty.
• 2003: Genetic researchers finish mapping human genes, with the aim of​ isolating the individual chromosomes responsible for physiological and neurological conditions.
• 2010: Simon LeVay publishes “Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why,” which argues that sexual orientation emerges from prenatal differentiation in the brain.
• 2013: The DSM-5 is released. Among other changes, the APA removes “gender identity disorder” from the list of mental illnesses and replaces it with “gender dysphoria” to describe a person’s discomfort with their assigned gender.
• 2014: John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard Moser share the Nobel Prize for their discovery of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain that is key to memory and navigation.

Modern Psychology Today

Thanks to the contributions of the many experts along the way, the field of modern psychology has expanded into multiple subdivisions or specializations. Some of the numerous branches in modern psychology as it stands right now are:

What is a bender? This slang term refers to an extended period of continued drug or alcohol use. An alcoholic bender is a multiple-day drinking spree during which the person does not eat and gets very little sleep. Someone who is on a bender might pass out for a short time, wake up, and start drinking again.

What ‘Going on a Bender’ Means

An alcoholic bender does not refer to one evening of intoxication. Instead, it refers to a drinking spree that is extended over at least two nights. Some definitions insist that in order to be a true bender, the drinking spree has to last at least three days. It is sometimes referred to as a three-day bender.

Why three days? Because a weekend is two days, and many drinkers drink all weekend. They may start immediately after work on Friday and continue until they are late or even miss work on Monday. Going that third day, and possibly missing work or school, makes the drinking spree a self-destructive bender rather than just another lost weekend.

Why Do They Call It a Bender?

The origin of the term “bender” meaning an extended bout of drinking alcohol is not certain. It appears to have been first mentioned in the mid-1800s.

Some think that the meaning of bender came about as a reference to the act of bending one’s elbow to take a drink. Others believe it is associated with the phrase “getting bent out of shape.”

Binge Drinking vs. Bender

Sometimes the term “binge drinking” is confused with “bender.” Some people believe that warnings against binge drinking are also warning against going on a multiple-day bout of intoxication, but that is not what binge drinking is at all.

While going on a bender might be considered self-destructive behavior, drinking five beers or a bottle of wine in one day is considered hazardous drinking.

What Happens to Your Body During a Bender

Whether bingeing or going on a bender, you risk your life and health. Both are destructive and unhealthy. To understand how excessive alcohol consumption affects your health, it is important to first understand how it affects the body.

“Alcohol (more specifically ethyl alcohol) is a small molecule that is easily absorbed in your gut. Alcohol then travels throughout the body and has effects on many organ systems including the kidneys, immune system, cardiovascular system, and most importantly the nervous system,” says Joseph Volpicelli, MD, PhD, founder and medical director of the Volpicelli Center and executive director of the Institute of Addiction Medicine.

Drinking for three days takes a toll on your brain and body, including inflammation, nausea, racing heart, and severe hangover symptoms.

Researchers attribute these effects to excess acetaldehyde (one of the byproducts your liver pumps out after breaking down alcohol) that travels through your blood to your brain, heart, and stomach when drinking heavily. When you go on a bender, you are not giving your liver any time to recover.

Health Risks of Excessive Alcohol Use

You are also putting yourself at risk of many serious health concerns, including:

When to Get Help

Continuous alcohol use can have serious and severe consequences. It increases your risk of being the victim of violence, committing violence, being involved in crime, destroying property, or waking up in jail, perhaps with little memory of what transpired.

A three-day bender that results in missing work or shirking other duties can be especially destructive to your reputation. It may be a wake-up call to others that you have a drinking problem and may soon be hitting bottom.

Frequent benders may be a sign of an alcohol use disorder. If you habitually drink excessively for consecutive days, you may want to take an online quiz to see if your drinking has reached the level of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.

Treatments for Alcohol Use Problems

If you find that you have developed a problem with alcohol, help is available. Don’t wait until it’s too late. Reaching out to a trusted family member, friend, or healthcare provider is a great first step on the road to recovery.

Treatments include psychotherapy, medications, and mutual support recovery programs. Medications can help you cope with withdrawal symptoms and reduce alcohol cravings. Through therapy, you can better understand the thought patterns that contribute to alcohol use and develop new ways to cope.

Support groups can provide the encouragement and resources you need as you work through the recovery process.