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The Benefits of Scheduling Time to Stress

Key Takeaways

  • Schedule a consistent 15-30 minute “worry time” each day to handle your stress.
  • Write down your worries and think of solutions during your worry time, then let them go.
  • After the worry time, do something fun or relaxing to help shift your focus.

If you tend to worry about things constantly, you may find it difficult to stop despite your best efforts. The stress can interfere with your ability to sleep, work, or enjoy leisure activities. The worry time technique can help with this.

What Exactly Is Worry Time?

The worry time technique involves scheduling a time during the day that is devoted to worrying, explains Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD, a clinical psychologist and professor at Yeshiva University.

Although it might sound counterintuitive, this technique is designed to help you reduce the amount of time you spend worrying about things beyond your control, says Dr. Romanoff. 

The idea is that rather than worrying about things throughout the day, you designate a small part of the day to worry about everything that’s troubling you and work on finding solutions for things within your control. 

This article lists some steps you can take to practice this technique effectively and discusses the benefits and limitations of scheduling worry time.

How Can I Schedule Worry Time?

Dr. Romanoff shares some steps that can help you practice this technique effectively:

  • Set aside a block of time: Decide how much time you need and set it aside. It is best to schedule about 15 to 30 minutes of worry time. It can be helpful to set a timer to jolt you out of the worrying mindset when the time is up.
  • Keep the place and timing consistent: Select a consistent place and time in your day to worry. 
  • Choose an uncomfortable spot: Opt for a spot like a hard chair, a stair, or bench that is not very comfortable and where you won’t be tempted to stay longer than the allotted time. Avoid using your bed, couch, or desk for this purpose because you will begin to associate those places with stress, which will make it harder to sleep, relax, or work there.
  • Opt for an evening slot, if possible: An evening slot like 6 p.m. is ideal for worry time. Scheduling your worry time later in the day lets you accumulate worries and compartmentalize them until this point. However, it’s also early enough in the evening so you can decompress and transition to a relaxing activity before going to bed. 
  • Save your worries for that time: It’s important to postpone your worries as they arise during the day so you can save them for your designated worry time. When an anxious thought arises, the best thing to do is to write it down and then examine it later during worry time. You can note down your worries in a journal or on your phone.
  • Address your worries: As you address each worry during worry time, ask yourself whether there’s anything you can do about it. If you have the power to change it, write down the solution and think about how you can work toward it. If it’s beyond your control, work on accepting it and letting it go. If you’re having difficulty letting it go, it can be helpful to write it down on a piece of paper, then tear it up and throw it away.
  • Focus on being productive during the day: After you write down a worrying thought that has popped up during your day, redeploy your attention toward something else by engaging in another activity instead of dwelling on the worry.
  • Tackle other fear-inducing activities during worry time: You can also choose to do other activities that stress you out during this time, such as reading the news.
  • Transition out of worry time: One of the hardest aspects of practicing this technique is stopping your worries after the 15 to 30 minutes is up. One way to do this is to plan a transitional activity to engage in when the worry timer is up. You could cook, call a friend, watch your favorite television show, read a book, take a walk, or go for a run.

Why Setting Aside Worry Time Can Be So Helpful

Below, Dr. Romanoff explains some of the benefits of scheduling time to worry.

Reduce the Time Spent Worrying

The worry time technique helps to reduce the amount of time that you spend worrying about things beyond your control. The goal is to help you be more efficient by spending the time you aren’t worrying on more productive things. 

Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD

The ultimate benefit of worry time is having more time and energy to focus on other important areas of your life that were previously consumed with worries. This frees up mental space to be more present and engaged with other areas of your life.

— Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD

Be More Effective and Purposeful

When stress and anxiety get a hold of you, you may find yourself in an endless spiral of worry. The worry time technique helps you worry more effectively. 

The idea is not to simply spend time dwelling on your worries, but instead to review each worry and ask yourself: “Can I do anything to change this? Is this worry in my control?” If the answer is “yes,” then create an action plan and keep yourself accountable to following through. If the answer is “no,” practice accepting and letting go.

Reduce the Harmful Effects of Stress

Stress affects your body both mentally and physically. In addition to making you more alert, stress can also cause physiological changes such as muscle tension, rapid heartbeat, and raised blood sugar levels.

Being stressed out frequently or for long periods of time can be harmful to your health. Chronic stress can lead to health conditions such as:

  • Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • High blood pressure
  • Heart disease
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Skin problems
  • Menstrual issues

Reducing your stress levels can help prevent these health conditions.

Are There Any Drawbacks to the Worry Time Technique?

People who tend not to practice the technique correctly may not be able to benefit from it, says Dr. Romanoff. According to her, these are some of the habits that may limit the effectiveness of this practice:

  • Not creating an actionable plan: Worry time is not simply a time to ruminate and obsess about worries. Instead, it must be used as a way to focus your energy in the most productive way to find solutions or accept the things that most trouble you. The worry time technique may have limited effectiveness if you dwell on the uncontrollable aspects of the worry without creating actionable steps to change the situation. 
  • Not following through on the plan: Another limitation is when people don’t hold themselves accountable to the action plan they created to tackle the worry. 

What This Means For You

If you often find that stressful thoughts are intruding on your day and hampering your ability to function, it might be helpful to schedule a time to worry. You can use this technique to reduce the time you spend worrying, be more productive during the day, and tackle your worries more effectively. 

However, if you find that your worries are persistent and still consume a significant part of your day, it might be helpful to see a mental healthcare provider who can offer treatment.

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By Sanjana Gupta

Sanjana is a health writer and editor. Her work spans various health-related topics, including mental health, fitness, nutrition, and wellness.


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Why Am I Having a Premonition?


Key Takeaways

  • Premonitions often happen when our brain picks up on subtle cues that we don’t consciously notice.
  • Experiencing premonitions isn’t necessarily a sign of a mental health disorder.

Ever have a tingly feeling that something is going to happen…and then it does? Or maybe you’ve dreamt about a future event that ends up coming true. Premonitions, which describe the ability to predict a future event, are actually a fairly common human experience.

We are wired to want to be able to know what’s going to happen, and sometimes our subconscious picks up on cues that something is likely to occur. We’re not always right, of course, but when our spidey senses pick up on something that ends up actually occurring, we might think we’ve predicted the future.

The fact is, while it might feel like premonitions are real, there isn’t evidence that it’s possible to correctly predict the future based on intuition alone. Sometimes our premonitions come true, but as the saying goes, “even a broken clock is right twice a day.”

Still, the exploration of why premonitions happen in our psyches, what they feel like, and how to cope with them, is a fascinating subject—one which we’ll tackle here, with experts to guide the way.

Understanding Premonition

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), a premonition—usually referred to as “precognition” in psychological settings—is the ability of a person to predict or perceive that they’ve predicted a future event.

The concept of premonition as it relates to mental health is a fascinating topic. Researchers have noted that the ability to predict the future is an essential part of being human, and has protective and adaptive purposes.

For example, if we see a group of dark clouds looming in the sky, we will likely predict it will rain, and then take an umbrella out with us. If we smell smoke, we can predict a fire might be happening, and take necessary precautions.

But what about when we are able to predict future events not based on anything picked up with our five senses? The idea is that our subconscious likely picks up on imperceptible clues that give us hints, says Brittany Astrom, LMFT, clinical supervisor at OC Revive.

“In the field of mental health, premonitions are often viewed as indications that the mind can pick up on and process subtle cues which are not readily apparent to conscious awareness. Such inklings may range from vague suspicions or intuitions to concrete dreams that seem to foretell what is going to happen,” she explains.

Natalie Rosado, LMHC, licensed mental health counselor and founder and owner of Tampa Counseling Place, agrees with this take. “In the context of mental health and psychology, premonitions are often linked to a person’s subconscious processing of information, where the brain is picking up on subtle cues we don’t immediately register consciously,” she says. “This can lead to a sense of ‘knowing’ something is going to happen without understanding how or why.”

Different Types of Premonitions

Premonitions come into our consciousness in various ways, and each of us experience them in different ways. Here are some of the most common types of premonitions, according to Rosado:

  • Dream premonitions, which happen while we sleep and involve dreaming about a future event that later happens
  • Emotional premonitions, which involve powerful emotions that feel like predictions of future events
  • Visual premonitions, which are when we experience vivid mental images that seem to predict the future
    Auditory premonitions, which is when we hear sounds or voices that seem to be providing us with information about the future
  • Physical sensations, which are when we experience physical symptoms, like a chill or a feeling of unease

Signs You May Be Experiencing a Premonition

The way that premonitions are experienced can vary considerably from one person to another, says Astrom. Some folks feel worried, especially if their premonitions are negative. Others may feel excited—for example, if their premonition was positive and it came true. “How one responds emotionally largely depends on his own context and what kind of premonition it is,” Astrom explains.

But it’s not just an emotional response that will happen when you have a premonition. May people experience a myriad of sensations, emotions, and behaviors. Here are some of the signs and symptoms of premonitions, according to Rosado:

  • Anxious, uneasy feelings, most commonly when the premonition is linked to a negative event
  • Vivid or intense sensations coupled with a strong conviction that something is going to happen
  • Physical sensations, like racing heartbeat, chills, feeling of heaviness
  • Calm certainty or a clear sense of knowing
  • Strong emotional impacts that cause individuals to change their plans or take precautions based on the feelings of premonition

Causes and Triggers of a Premonition

The truth is, although the phenomenon has been studied, no one knows for sure what causes premonitions from a psychological perspective. However, there are some theories, the most prominent of which is that our unconscious thoughts are at play here—i.e., that our past experiences and feelings about future events may subconsciously be influencing our feelings and cause us to feel a sense of premonition about the future.

Psychologically, premonitions may result from the brains’ ability to unconsciously synthesize large amounts of information and recognize patterns quickly without having conscious access to them.

—
BRITTANY ASTROM, LMFT

“This happens more during periods of stress or significant change when vigilance is higher up there in the head,” she says.

In other words, we are more likely to experience premonitions when we are experiencing emotional triggers and stresses. These may include major life changes and significant stress.

Some researchers have hypothesized that premonitions are actually a way for us to try to cope with serious stressors. After all, knowing what’s going to happen in the future means you have some control over what is going to happen, which can calm down some of the out-of-control feelings that people feel when they’re stressed.

Coping With Powerful or Frequent Premonitions

Experiencing premonitions, especially powerful or frequent ones, can be emotionally taxing, and you may be finding it difficult to cope. Rosado shared some methods for managing premonitions:

  • Incorporate mindfulness and relaxation techniques into your day; these may include deep breathing exercises, progressive relaxation, meditation, and journaling
  • Cognitive restructuring, which involves challenging and reframing negative thoughts
  • Practice acceptance, which may look like accepting that sometimes premonitions are part of your mental and emotional landscape
  • Limit exposure to premonition stimulants, such as stressors or certain environments
  • Consider therapy—cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may be particularly effective in managing anxious or intrusive thoughts like premonitions
  • Focus on hobbies, social relationships, and self-care modalities that bring you joy and may help shift focus off premonitions

Harnessing Premonitions for Personal Growth

Although experiencing frequent premonitions may feel unpleasant, in particular when they are linked to anxious feelings, being someone who has premonitions isn’t necessarily a bad thing.

Experiencing premonitions frequently can be a useful tool in self-growth, says Astrom. “They act like triggers that make us reflect on ourselves, thus making us self-conscious so we get more familiar with our deep thoughts and feelings,” she describes. “Reflecting on these things will enable one to develop good decision-making skills by enhancing their intuition.”

Rosado suggests that you can spin your experiences of premonitions in a more positive light, thinking of them as clues to your inner life and thoughts, as well as vehicles toward understanding yourself better.

Embrace premonitions as tools for self-discovery, exploring your fears, desires, and motivations, and use positive premonitions to set and pursue personal goals

“Additionally, let premonitions inspire creativity and innovation in problem-solving and creative endeavors,” Rosado says.

She encourages people to reflect on their experiences with premonitions through journaling, practicing mindfulness, and sharing your experiences with others. “Regular reflection, balancing rationality and intuition, seeking support, and educating yourself about the psychology of premonitions are practical steps to effectively harness their power for personal growth,” Rosado offers.

Debunking Misconceptions About Premonition

There are a couple myths and misconceptions about premonitions that it’s worth exploring.

First, as much as we would like to believe premonitions have a role in predicting the future, or that they do so in some spiritual, supernatural, or mythical manner, this isn’t true. “In most cases, they’re simply products of our highly complex information processing system in the brain,” Astrom describes.

And what about when our premonitions come true? There are many factors that may cause a premonition to become reality, and none have to do with something otherworldly. It’s usually because our premonition was based on good evidence, or that something happened by chance. “In reality, many premonitions do not come true, and those that do may be coincidental or based on subtle subconscious cues,” Rosado notes.

Another important misconception to clear up is that premonitions only happen to people with mental health disorders. This isn’t true. “Experiencing premonitions does not necessarily indicate a mental health disorder,” says Rosado. “While frequent or distressing premonitions can be associated with anxiety or other conditions, they can also occur in mentally healthy individuals.”

That said, if your premonitions are causing you a great deal of anxiety, or if they are coupled with hallucinations, such as seeing things or hearing voices, you should get in touch with a mental health provider as soon as possible.

The Bottom Line

Most of us have had premonitions at some point or another—and sometimes these premonitions even come true. From a mental health perspective, premonitions are basically our subconscious mind influencing our thoughts and feelings about future events. Premonitions aren’t facts—they are simply intuitions and inklings that we may have.

Although premonitions can be disturbing at times, it’s possible to harness them for good—to gain greater self-understanding and experience growth. “Premonitions are like little whispers from our subconscious,” Rosado concludes. “They guide us to dig deeper into our intuition and really embrace the journey of getting to know ourselves better.”


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Thinking Process Abnormalities in Schizophrenia


Key Takeaways

  • Schizophrenia can cause disorganized thinking, making it hard for people to keep their thoughts and speech in order.
  • Treatment for disorganized thinking often includes medication, talk therapy, and social skills training.

Thinking refers to our ability to make decisions, solve problems, reason, and remember. In a broader sense, thinking is the totality of experiences in one’s mind.

People with schizophrenia have trouble keeping their thoughts straight and expressing them. Disorganized thinking is one of the primary symptoms of schizophrenia.

Disorganized thinking can lead to various thought process disorders that cause tangential thought, disjointed thoughts, a collapse or sudden stop in the thought process, randomly spoken words, and incoherence.

Typically, we process our thoughts logically and coherently. However, this process is disrupted in those with schizophrenia, leading to disorganized thought and disordered speech.

Causes of Disorganized Thinking

The causes of disorganized thinking (or schizophrenia) are unclear. It may be related to a factors such as genetics and family history, environment, and trauma. Some people with disorganized thinking have structural differences in their brains, as evidenced by unusual activation in regions involved in:

  • Language and speech processing
  • Auditory perception
  • Social interaction
  • Higher-order cognitive functions like decision-making, evaluating, brainstorming, and learning

Thoughts, emotions, sensations, memories, and fantasies are the essential building blocks of the way the brain functions. Any disruption in the thought process—the way these blocks are linked—will affect certain areas of life.

Thought Content vs. Thought Process

It makes sense to try to understand disorganized thinking from two perspectives: thought content and thought process. While changes in someone’s thought content affect what they perceive or think about, changes in thought process impact the way they form their ideas and express them.

Thought Content Abnormalities

Thought Process Abnormalities

  • Circumstantial thinking

  • Clang associations

  • Derailment

  • Distractibility

  • Tangential thinking

  • Word salad (incoherence)

Types of Disorganized Thinking

Here’s a more in-depth look at those thought process abnormalities.

Distractibility

Some people with disordered thinking experience distractibility. They may begin talking about one thing and then completely shift topics before completing their sentence. This is often due to nearby stimuli that interfere with the thought process.

  • For example: “I moved to New York after college. What are you eating for lunch?”

Circumstantial Thinking

Circumstantial thinking occurs when a person talks in circles, providing excessive and unnecessary detail before getting to the point.

One Classic Example

Here’s an example from neuroscientist and neuropsychiatrist researcher Nancy Coover Andreasen:

  • Question: “What is your name?”
  • Response: “Well, sometimes when people ask me, I have to think about whether or not I will answer because some people think it’s an odd name even though I don’t really because my mom gave it to me and I think my dad helped but it’s as good a name as any in my opinion, but yeah it’s Tom.”

Tangential Thinking

Tangential thinking occurs when someone moves from thought to thought but never seems to get to the main point. Instead, the thoughts are somewhat connected but in a superficial or tangential way.

  • For example: “I really got mad as I was waiting in line at the grocery store. I cannot stand lines. Waiting and waiting. I waited for a long time to get my driver’s license. Driving these days is just crazy.”

Derailment or Loose Associations

In cases of severely disordered thinking, thoughts lose almost all connections with one another and become disconnected and disjointed. This illogical thinking is called derailment or “loose” associations.

  • For example: “I really enjoyed some communities and tried it, and the next day when I’d be going out you know, um I took control like uh, I put, um, bleach on my hair in, in California. My roommate was from Chicago and she was going to the junior college. And we lived in the YMCA so she wanted to put it, um, peroxide on my hair…”

Clang Associations

Clanging is when the individual chooses words based on sound (rhyming or pun associations) rather than meaning. They may also use made-up words or neologisms and may speak in a flat- or unusual-sounding voice.

  • For example: “I had a little goldfish too, like a clown. …Happy Halloween down.”

Incoherence

People with very severe disordered thinking may experience incoherence, where there are no discernible connections between words. This incoherence (also known as “word salad”) makes it impossible to understand the individual’s thought process.

  • For example: “They’re destroying too many cattle and oil just to make soap. If we need soap when you can jump into a pool of water, and then when you go to buy your gasoline, my folks always thought they should, get pop but the best thing to get, is motor oil, and, money…”

Diagnosis

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders includes criteria to help your doctor diagnose schizophrenia. Your doctor will look for typical symptoms of the condition, like disordered speech, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and reduced emotional expression.

They may also look for disorganized thinking by examining how you communicate and direct your attention.

Your doctor will also need to rule out other conditions that can affect thought processes, like:

Treatment for Disorganized Thinking

Treatment for thought process abnormalities in schizophrenia often includes medication, psychotherapy, life skills training, and family support.

Medication

The right medication can help to reduce disordered thinking and improve functioning. This may include antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or anti-anxiety medication alongside antipsychotics for long term management of the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Psychotherapy

Talk therapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can help you better identify thought process abnormalities and find ways to cope with unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking.

Social Skills Training

An inability to clearly communicate your thoughts and feelings can take a toll on your family, social life, and work relationships. Social skills training can help you improve communication with others to better navigate these relationships.

Family Support

Family members are often crucial providers of care for someone with schizophrenia. Family therapy may help ensure that you and your loved ones understand your condition and feel supported.

Recap

Treatment for thought process problems depends on the root cause. In many cases, medication, psychotherapy, skill training, and family support are part of a treatment plan.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
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  2. Wensing T, Cieslik EC, Müller VI, Hoffstaedter F, Eickhoff SB, Nickl‐Jockschat T. Neural correlates of formal thought disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38(10):4946-4965. doi:10.1002/hbm.23706

  3. Hinzen W, Rosselló J. The linguistics of schizophrenia: Thought disturbance as language pathology across positive symptoms. Front Psychol. 2015;6:971. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00971

  4. Sass L, Parnas J. Thought disorder, subjectivity, and the self. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43(3):497-502. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx032

  5. Andreasen NC. Thought, language, and communication disorders. I. Clinical assessment, definition of terms, and evaluation of their reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36(12):1315-21. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1979.01780120045006

  6. Kuperberg GR. Language in schizophrenia Part 1: an Introduction. Lang Linguist Compass. 2010;4(8):576-589. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00216.x

  7. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC; 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

  8. Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: Overview and treatment options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645.

  9. Chen X, Long F, Cai B, Chen X, Chen G. A novel relationship for schizophrenia, bipolar and major depressive disorder Part 5: a hint from chromosome 5 high density association screen. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(5):2473-2491.

  10. Stepnicki P, Kondej M, Kaczor AA. Current concepts and treatments of schizophrenia. Molecules. 2018;23(8). doi:10.3390/molecules23082087

  11. Almerie MQ, Okba Al Marhi M, Jawoosh M, et al. Social skills programmes for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD009006. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009006.pub2

  12. Caqueo-Urízar A, Rus-Calafell M, Urzúa A, Escudero J, Gutiérrez-Maldonado J. The role of family therapy in the management of schizophrenia: Challenges and solutions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:145-151. doi:10.2147/NDT.S51331

By Adrian Preda, MD

Adrian Preda, MD, is a board-certified psychiatrist with specialties in adult and geriatric psychiatry and clinical neuropsychiatric research.


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What Is a Social Worker and What Do They Do?

Key Takeaways

  • Social workers help vulnerable people with a wide range of issues, from finding secure housing, applying for community services, and providing mental health treatment.
  • To become a social worker, a Bachelor’s degree is the minimum requirement, and most states require a license.
  • Social work careers are expected to grow 7% from 2022 to 2032, faster than the average for all jobs.

A social worker is a mental health professional who works to improve the lives of vulnerable populations. They work with individuals and communities to overcome challenges and effect social change.

Social work is an exciting career area that is highly related to psychology. Are you looking for a career that is rewarding yet challenging? Do you want to contribute to society by helping people overcome difficulties and improve their lives? Social work fits this description, which is why many psychology undergraduates opt to pursue it.

While many individuals who work in this field start by earning an undergraduate degree in social work before moving on to graduate school, some psychology majors opt to switch to a social work master’s program after earning their degrees.

What Is a Social Worker?

So what exactly is a social worker? These mental health professionals help people with a broad range of issues, including psychological, financial, health, relationship, and substance abuse problems. Learn more about what social workers do, the educational requirements, and the projected job outlook for the field.

Fast Facts

  • Social workers held approximately 728,600 jobs in 2022, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  • Most jobs in the field require a Master’s degree in Social Work.
  • Social workers are employed in various settings, including hospitals, mental health clinics, schools, nonprofit agencies, and government offices.

What Does a Social Worker Do?

The field of social work utilizes social theories to understand human problems, to help improve people’s lives, and to improve society as a whole.

Social workers:

  • Act as advocates for their clients
  • Promote social welfare
  • Educate clients and teach them new skills
  • Link clients to essential resources within the community
  • Protect vulnerable clients and ensure that their best interests are observed
  • Counsel clients who need support and assistance
  • Research social problems to look for remedies
  • Advocate for social justice

Many who work in this field specialize in particular areas, such as helping children, assisting those with life-threatening problems, or aiding people in overcoming addictions.

Who Social Workers Help

Social workers work with a wide range of people, including:

  • Kids and teens
  • People with mental health conditions
  • Disabled people
  • Unhoused people
  • Veterans
  • Victims of trauma or violence
  • Couples and families
  • Older adults
  • LGBTQIA+ people
  • People with substance use problems
  • Students
  • Immigrants and refugees
  • People with medical issues or chronic illnesses

Where Are Social Workers Employed?

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about half of all social workers are employed as child, family, and school social workers, a trend projected to continue through 2032.

Areas where social workers often work include:

  • Individual and family services: 17%
  • Ambulatory healthcare services: 14%
  • Local government, excluding education and hospitals: 14%
  • State government, excluding education and hospitals: 13%
  • Hospitals; state, local, and private: 10%

Professionals in government positions might conduct child welfare assessments, help individuals in need of public assistance, and work with people who have come into contact with the criminal justice system.

Salary Information

Salaries can vary based on various factors, including geographic location, educational background, and specialty area.

The U.S. Department of Labor reports that the median annual wage for social workers as of 2022 was $55,350. The lowest 10% made less than $36,600, and the highest 10% made more than $87,300.

According to the National Association of Social Workers, those just starting out in their career with an undergraduate degree in social work earn a mean income of $31,327 per year. Those with a Master’s degree typically average a mean income of $44,418.

The U.S. Department of Labor reports the following median yearly earnings for different specialty areas in social work:

  • Child, family, and school social workers: $50,820
  • Mental health and substance abuse social workers: $51,240
  • Healthcare social workers: $60,280

How to Become a Social Worker

In order to become a social worker, a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree is the minimum requirement. However, some individuals with psychology, sociology, and education degrees are able to find entry-level jobs in social work.

If you are interested in providing therapy services, then a Master of Social Work (MSW) degree is required. Are you interested in teaching at the university level or conducting research? Then you will need to earn a doctorate degree in social work (DSW).

Requirements vary by state, but most states require social workers to be licensed, registered, or certified in their field. For example, becoming a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) generally requires taking an exam and completing at least two years of supervised clinical experience.

Social Worker Specialty Areas

Social workers often opt to specialize in a specific area. Some of these include:

Medical and Public Health Social Workers

Those specializing in medical or public health social work offer psychosocial services to individuals, families, and groups affected by acute, chronic, and terminal illnesses. These services might involve:

  • Providing psychological counseling
  • Connecting clients with resources in the community
  • Helping families who are caring for a sick loved one

Child, Family, and School Social Workers

Child, family, and school social workers work with children and families. Some work in school settings to help children with academic, social, and emotional issues. Others may work with foster children, help arrange adoptions, and assist single parents.

Some specific tasks they may perform include:

  • Helping families access housing
  • Connecting families with services such as childcare, benefits, or food stamps
  • Intervening when children are experiencing abuse or neglect
  • Assisting with arranging foster care or adoptions

Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers

Mental health and substance abuse social workers assess and treat individuals suffering from mental health problems or addiction and substance abuse issues. Social workers in this specialty area may provide:

Levels of Social Work

Social work is also categorized into different levels of practice:

  • Micro social work involves working directly with individuals, families, or couples.
  • Mezzo social work involves working with larger groups of people, often by supervising other social workers or administering services.
  • Macro social work involves working with communities and organizations to develop and administer programs and policies.

Job Outlook for Social Workers

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that social work careers will grow 7% from 2022 to 2032, much faster than the average for all occupations. While employment opportunities in urban areas are predicted to be more competitive, the Department of Labor suggests that job demand will also be good in rural locations.

What This Means For You

A career as a social worker can be rewarding, but it’s important to consider your needs, educational requirements, and job outlook before you decide if it is the right choice for you. Consider talking to a practicing social worker to learn more, or talk to your academic advisor to learn more about your options. If you’re unsure whether this career path is right for you, a psychology careers self-test can help you get a better idea.

Kendra Cherry

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the “Everything Psychology Book.”


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How to Talk to a Friend Who Has Lost Someone to Suicide

Key Takeaways

  • Reach out to your friend to show you care and they are not alone.
  • Listen to your friend and let them share their feelings without judgment.
  • Encourage your friend to seek professional help if they have trouble coping.

Comforting a friend who has lost someone to suicide can be difficult. You might not know what to say or do, how they’re feeling, or how to be with them in their process. Rather than avoiding the person, it’s crucial to remain connected and communicative. Here’s how.

Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911.

For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database.

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Hosted by Amy Morin, LCSW, this episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast, featuring psychiatrist Mark Goulston, shares why people have suicidal thoughts, why you shouldn’t blame yourself if you’ve lost someone to suicide, and what to do if you are having suicidal thoughts. Click below to listen now.

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Common Reactions to a Loved One’s Suicide

According to Marianne Goodman, MD, a professor of psychiatry at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and director of the JJPVA Suicide Prevention Clinical and Research Program, your loved one is likely to experience:

  • Denial. Initial reactions often include surprise, shock, and disbelief. The person may feel numb and be in denial about the person’s death. They may walk into a room and expect to see their loved one or keep forgetting that they’re gone. The person may appear distraught, distracted, or forgetful. They may withdraw and not speak or might repeat themselves.
  • Anger. Once the reality sets in, feelings of intense pain, frustration, and helplessness follow, often leading to anger and a sense of betrayal. The anger can take many forms, sometimes even at the person for leaving them or not reaching out for help. The person may also feel angry at others, a higher being, or life in general. This rage may manifest as aggression, violence, irritability, impatience, and withdrawal from friends, family, or faith.
  • Bargaining. During the bargaining stage, the person may repeatedly think about what they could have done to prevent the death. They may wish to go back in time and prevent the suicide somehow. Common thoughts are “If only…” and “What if…”
  • Guilt. If the person believes they could have done something to prevent the death or that they are to blame somehow, they may experience feelings of guilt and shame that could become overwhelming.
  • Questioning. The person may have questions about why their loved one’s suicide occurred. They may even question the meaning of life and their beliefs and values. If an explanation isn’t forthcoming or easily acceptable, they may make up false stories about what happened. 
  • Depression. As the person begins to understand the effects of the person’s death, profound sadness can occur—often in the form of sleep problems, decreased energy and motivation, loss of appetite, and an inability to concentrate. Some people also feel overwhelmed, lonely, hopeless, and unable to function.
  • Acceptance. Most people come to accept the reality of a loved one’s death, but some find the pain too unbearable. Grief counseling can help.

Remember that everyone experiences grief differently. Some people jump right into depression after the initial shock. Others mask their grief to the point of seeming unaffected.

Signs and Symptoms That May Warrant Help

According to Goodman, a loved one’s suicide can also trigger these symptoms and conditions in survivors:

  • Haunting thoughts or memories of this death and perhaps others they’ve dealt with
  • Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) such as nightmares, flashbacks, and intrusive thoughts of death
  • Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, or complicated grief
  • Misuse of substances such as drugs and alcohol to numb the pain
  • Suicidal feelings and thoughts of their own death
  • Dangerous or reckless actions, such as driving too fast, because they feel numb, intensely angry, or hopeless

If you notice any of these, encourage your friend to seek professional help.

How to Offer Your Support

These are some ways to support a loved one who has lost someone to suicide.

  • Reach out: Your friend might find it hard to take the first step and make contact with you. If you have heard about their loved one’s suicide, reach out to them as soon as you can. Understand that sometimes people may not respond because they need space to grieve their loss or don’t have the energy for connection. Continue to reach out, even just to let your friend know you are thinking of them. This helps a grieving person feel less alone.
  • Acknowledge the circumstances: According to Goodman, it’s important to acknowledge the reality of their loved one’s death. For instance, you can say “I heard that ____ died by suicide.” Suicide is often shrouded by stigma, but by bringing it up, you can show that you’re willing to discuss the death and support the person fully.
  • Express your support: Let them know you’re there for them and they can count on you. Offer tangible forms of support, such as meal prep and babysitting. Sometimes, people who are grieving don’t know how or when to ask for help, so do these things without them asking.
  • Share your memories: Many grieving people like talking about their loved ones, even after years have passed; this helps them keep the memories alive. If you knew the person who died of suicide, share your memories with your friend. Remembering together can be helpful.
  • Be willing to listen: Ask your friend how they’re feeling and encourage them to share their thoughts. Create a safe place for them to share their fears, anxieties, and uncomfortable thoughts, says Goodman. Continue asking even after time has passed. A lot of people who go through grief feel they cannot talk about their pain after some time because they don’t want to burden others. Let your friend know you’ll listen no matter how many years have passed.
  • Be genuine: Tell them that you can’t imagine what they’re going through, but that you’re also grieving the loss, worried about them, and available to help. They’ll appreciate your honesty.
  • Spend time with them: Perhaps the most important thing is to be available and help them feel less alone, says Hilary Blumberg, MD, director of the Mood Disorders Research Program at the Yale School of Medicine. You don’t have to make them smile or laugh. It can simply be enough to be with them and do everyday things together like going for a walk, having dinner, or simply watching television.
  • Don’t minimize the loss: Everyone processes grief differently. Being patient with your friend’s process is one of the most helpful things you can do. Don’t try to minimize their pain by comparing their situation to that of others, claiming to know what they’re feeling, or offering overly simplistic solutions to their problems.
  • Encourage them to seek help: If your friend’s thoughts become too distressing and they are unable to cope, encourage them to see a grief counselor. On the other hand, if their actions seem risky or they express suicidal thoughts, calla crisis helpline.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Tal Young I, Iglewicz A, Glorioso D, et al. Suicide bereavement and complicated grief. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2012;14(2):177-186. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/iyoung

  2. Bellini S, Erbuto D, Andriessen K, et al. Depression, hopelessness, and complicated grief in survivors of suicide. Front Psychol. 2018;9:198. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00198

  3. Eng J, Drabwell L, Stevenson F, King M, Osborn D, Pitman A. Use of alcohol and unprescribed drugs after suicide bereavement: a qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4093. doi:10.3390/ijerph16214093

  4. Linde K, Treml J, Steinig J, Nagl M, Kersting A. Grief interventions for people bereaved by suicide: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179496. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179496

  5. Kučukalić S, Kučukalić A. Stigma and suicide. Psychiatr Danub. 2017;29(Suppl 5):895-899.

  6. American Psychological Association. Coping after suicide loss.

Additional Reading

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Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Coping

Key Takeaways

  • Holiday depression can make you feel sad and stressed during the winter holidays.
  • Exercise and socializing can help reduce feelings of holiday depression.
  • If your feelings don’t improve after the holidays, talk to a doctor.

For some people, the winter holidays can be a painful period of reflection, loneliness, anxiety, and depression. This pervasive sadness is known informally as holiday blues or holiday depression.

Who Gets the Holiday Blues?

Anyone—even those who love the season—can experience the holiday blues. The season’s demands, gatherings, decorations, and other stressors leave many people stressed and exhausted. Add to this the sometimes emotional aspect of special days, and it’s a recipe for the doldrums.

People with a prior mental health condition may be particularly prone to holiday depression. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 64% of people with an existing mental illness report that the holidays make their condition worse.

Signs & Symptoms

The most common symptom of holiday depression is a persistent or recurring feeling of sadness that begins during the holiday season. It can vary in intensity and duration. Some people might feel down periodically but experience brief periods of relief. 

Signs of holiday depression include:

  • Changes in appetite or weight
  • Changes in sleep patterns
  • Depressed or irritable mood
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
  • Feeling more tired than usual
  • Feeling tense, worried, or anxious
  • Loss of pleasure in doing things you used to enjoy

Holiday Depression vs. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Holiday depression and SAD can be difficult to distinguish from one another, but the duration and severity of symptoms are usually the best clues.

SAD

  • Typically lasts about 40% of the year—starting in the late fall and early winter until the spring and summer.

  • Often more severe and can be debilitating

If the holiday season passes and you’re still feeling depressed or anxious, talk to your doctor or a mental health professional to determine if what you are experiencing is a more significant mood disorder.

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This episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast shares how to handle stress during the holidays. Click below to listen now.

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Diagnosing the Holiday Blues

Although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) doesn’t formally recognize the holiday blues as a psychiatric condition, you should talk with your healthcare provider about your symptoms. During your appointment, they will ask questions about your symptoms, including the duration and severity. 

Causes of the Holiday Blues

People might experience holiday depression for many reasons, such as:

  • Lack of sleep. A hectic holiday schedule can lead to a lack of sleep, which increases stress.
  • Excess eating and alcohol use. People sometimes turn to unhealthy coping mechanisms to handle holiday sadness and stress. Excessive drinking and overeating can make the symptoms of holiday depression even more pronounced.
  • Financial stress. Overextending yourself financially or struggling to afford gifts for family and friends can create an added burden of financial stress.
  • Isolation and loneliness. Being unable to spend the holidays with your family and friends can make the holiday season seem especially lonely.
  • Unrealistic expectations. The commercialization of the holidays can create the expectation of nonstop joy and holiday cheer, which can lead to holiday stress and sadness.

Because the holidays mark an impending new year, people tend to reflect on the past year. They might feel regret, failure, or other negative emotions.

Seasonal sadness can affect kids, too. Dealing with different routines, family gatherings, travel, high expectations, and other holiday happenings can contribute to feelings of sadness and depression in kids. Watch for the signs and talk to your child’s pediatrician if you are concerned.

Treatment for the Holiday Blues

Unless your healthcare provider has diagnosed you with major depression or another condition, they probably won’t prescribe medications to treat your holiday depression symptoms. In many cases, holiday depression can be managed with lifestyle changes and social support. Your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional for psychotherapy.

Though the holiday blues are usually short-term, talking to a mental health professional can help. Your therapist can help you identify patterns of negative thinking that contribute to sadness and depression, replacing those thoughts with more helpful ones. This approach is known as cognitive behavioral therapy. Therapy can also help you develop better stress management, communication, and relationship skills that can be helpful in both the short and long term.

Coping With the Holiday Blues

In addition to talking to your healthcare provider, try these strategies to deal with the holidays.

Drink Only in Moderation

Alcohol is a depressant, and drinking too much can exacerbate negative feelings. You don’t need to go cold turkey. Instead, limit your consumption and don’t use alcohol to deal with or avoid difficult emotions. If you choose to drink, limit yourself to one or two alcoholic drinks at social functions.

Don’t Isolate Yourself

Social isolation can be a major risk factor for depression—and depression typically makes social interaction difficult. Particularly if you’re on your own, reaching out and finding social support can be all the more difficult.

Look for ways to enjoy social connections, even if you can’t go home for the holidays. If you’re feeling lonely, ask a friend to come over for a heart-to-heart. Join a local club, volunteer for something you believe in, or see a counselor for support.

Exercise Regularly

Regular physical activity can play an important role in preventing and reducing symptoms of depression.  So, although hitting the gym can be tough when you feel stressed, busy, and sad, remember that you don’t need to glue yourself to the treadmill or weight machine to feel the benefits. Even a casual activity such as a short walk each day might be enough to keep the holiday blues at bay.

Learn to Say ‘No’

The holidays often mean more people asking for help and making demands on your time and resources. Holiday invites can turn into stressful social obligations. Small favors can morph into huge projects that you didn’t anticipate. Avoid overcommitting by knowing your limits and learning how to say “no.”

Find Time for Yourself

Make sure that you leave enough time for yourself to relax. Even 15 to 20 minutes a day to enjoy some quiet time, read a book, listen to music, take a bath, do yoga, or some other relaxing activity can do wonders for your stress levels.

Set Realistic Expectations

It’s fine to be excited about the holidays and make plans for the things you want to do. But it is also important to keep your expectations realistic and reachable.

Holidays change just as people change. Kids grow older, people move, and new people will become a part of your life. The key is to focus on those connections, create new traditions, and remember past holidays with fondness while still enjoying the one right in front of you. Focus on enjoying the experience and the time you get to spend with your loved ones rather than on achieving a picture-perfect end result.

The holidays don’t have to be perfect to be special. They don’t have to be exactly like the holidays of the past to be just as meaningful and memorable.

How to Get Help

If the holiday blues don’t lift after the holidays or if they’ve begun interfering with your well-being and ability to function, talk to your doctor or mental health professional. They will help diagnose your signs and symptoms and discuss treatment options, including psychotherapy and medications.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Mental health and the holiday blues.

  2. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Tips for managing the holiday blues.

  3. Naito, R., McKee, M., Leong, D., Bangdiwala, S., Rangarajan, S., Islam, S., & Yusuf, S. (2023). Social isolation as a risk factor for all-cause mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLOS ONE, 18(1), e0280308. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0280308

  4. Harvey SB, Overland S, Hatch SL, Wessely S, Mykeltun A, Hotopf M. Exercise and the prevention of depression: Results of the HUNT cohort study. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;175(1):28-36. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16111223.

  5. Blumenthal, J. A., & Rozanski, A. (2023). Exercise as a therapeutic modality for the prevention and treatment of depression. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 77, 50-58. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.008

Kendra Cherry

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the “Everything Psychology Book.”


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