How to Stop Lying


Key Takeaways

  • Lying can damage relationships and make people distrust you, so it’s important to stop.
  • Start by being honest in a small situation where you usually lie, like when giving your opinion.
  • If you struggle to stop lying, talking to a therapist can help you find better ways to cope.

The truth is that everyone lies from time to time. Small lies to spare someone’s feelings, omissions to avoid revealing too much, and yes, even blatant attempts to mislead are all examples of how lies can work their way into everyday communication.

But lies can have a serious impact. They can destroy relationships, undermine trust, and wreak havoc on your personal life.

The good news is that you can stop lying. It might not be easy, and it might take time, but the desire to stop lies can be enough to help you overcome the temptation to continue with this behavior.

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This episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast, featuring psychologist Paul Ekman aka “the human lie detector” shares why people lie and how to tell if someone is lying. Click below to listen now.

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Signs of a Lying Problem

So how can you tell when lying has started to erode the trust and communication in your relationships? How do you recognize that lies are starting to harm your daily life? Some signs that you might have a problem with lying:

  • You tell lies for no justifiable reason. 
  • You find ways to excuse your lies, such as thinking they are necessary to protect people from the truth.
  • You have begun to fabricate stories about people and events to hide the truth.
  • Other people have commented on your lies. 
  • People close to you no longer trust the things you say.
  • You feel like no one knows the “real you.”
  • Your lies have led to serious consequences such as losing relationships, work, or other opportunities.

How to Stop Lying

If you notice yourself lying more than you want to, then it is time to begin examining why this happens and how to stop lying for good. Here are some things to consider:

Stop Justifying Dishonesty

Lying isn’t an uncommon behavior, and everyone does lie from time to time. But it’s important to recognize that people are generally quite truthful in their everyday communication, according to much of the research on deception.

It’s difficult to gauge exactly how frequently people lie since estimating that number relies on people being, well, honest. Some of the best estimates suggest that people lie around once or twice per day. Research also suggests that there is a small proportion of people who lie far more than the average.

Deception studies have found that a small percentage of highly prolific liars actually tell the vast majority of lies.

In one sample, just 5% of the people told a whopping 50% of the reported lies. Studies also suggest that the mistruths told by these practiced liars also tend to have more significant consequences if discovered.

So if you are telling more lies than the average person each day, there’s a strong chance that this dishonesty might affect different areas of your life. Acknowledging the problematic behavior is often the first step toward making a lasting change.

Understand Why You Lie

If you are trying to be more honest in your everyday communication, it can be helpful to understand the types of lies you’re telling and why you’re telling them in the first place.

Deception researcher Bella DePaulo suggests that people tend to lie about five key topics:

  • Their opinions and feelings
  • Their actions, plans, and location
  • Their achievements, knowledge, and failings
  • Explanations for their behaviors
  • Facts and personal possessions

Sometimes these lies are deliberate attempts to manipulate others to achieve some personal benefit. In other cases, they might be a way to avoid hurting someone with the truth or hide something that you prefer to keep private.

In fact, researchers distinguish between two different types of lies. Prosocial lies are the small lies that people tell to protect feelings or avoid conflict. On the other hand, antisocial lies intentionally mislead or deceive others for personal gain.

One 2014 study found that while prosocial lies could help promote social harmony, antisocial lies lead to greater fragmentation of social networks.

Consider how lying is affecting your life. Be honest with yourself about how lying is affecting yourself and others.

If you are telling lies for personal gain or manipulating others, you will likely experience a decline in the quality of your close relationships. Sometimes when you better understand the harm that lying can do, you’ll be less likely to rely on it in the future.

Consider the Consequences

DePaulo has suggested that while we generally view lying as wrong, the most common types of lies people tell are those designed to protect their self-esteem, spare other people’s feelings, or get other people to like them. These kinds of lies might not necessarily be harmless but tend to be more understandable than those intended to outright exploit or manipulate others.

Clearly, there are times when lying can serve a purpose. For example, you might hide your opinion about a book that your friend loves because you don’t want to lessen their enjoyment. Or you might not share that you attended a social event to which your friend was not invited. While the goal of these lies by omission is to spare someone’s feelings, that doesn’t mean that even the most well-intentioned lies won’t have consequences. 

There are certain situations where it is understandable to withhold the truth or even lie outright. In other cases, the question then becomes whether the other person actually benefits from being told a lie.

Honest feedback can help people do better in the future, and sharing the truth can help build stronger, more open bonds between individuals.

Even when you tell an altruistic lie to spare someone else’s feelings, it is important to remember that you are making assumptions about what you think the other person wants to hear. Is that person looking for positive affirmation about a choice they have already made, or do they really want to hear your honest assessment?

Put Your Relationships First

Lying can have several negative effects, including lasting damage to your relationships. Even if you feel like the occasional fib can’t hurt, there are many compelling reasons to curb the lying habit. 

When people feel that they cannot rely on you to be truthful, it impairs your trust with friends, family, romantic partners, and others in your life. And once people feel they can’t trust you, it can be difficult to regain that trust.

Remember That Lies Create Stress

Telling a lie might solve a problem quickly, but maintaining a lie can be stressful and lead to long-lasting problems. Even small lies can snowball and grow bigger than you intended. It is easy to forget how much it costs to maintain the habit when the results are temporarily positive.

Some experts even suggest that telling lies can take a serious toll on your health and well-being. In preliminary research conducted by Notre Dame researchers, people who decreased their lying experienced subsequent improvements in their health.

While more research is needed to understand the connection, decreased stress is one factor that might play a role in explaining these benefits.

Practice Being Authentic

Sometimes people lie because they think revealing their true feelings about something will lead to rejection. The problem is that by hiding what you really think or feel, you’re not giving people the opportunity to know the “real you.”

What happens is that you then feel the need to maintain a facade to maintain those relationships. By being honest, you’ll be able to be who you truly are without feeling the need to hide.

Because self-disclosure is an important part of close relationships, not being truthful also makes it harder to form meaningful connections with other people.

You can only be truly honest when you are completely vulnerable with your feelings and experiences. When you lie about the past or present, it makes it hard to be open with others.

Consider How Others Feel

People often describe themselves as good at spotting a lie; research suggests that people are actually surprisingly poor at detecting deception. In one study, participants were only able to detect lies accurately 54% of the time—only slightly better than what they might catch by simply guessing.

But this doesn’t mean that they won’t discover your lie or that your deception won’t hurt them. If and when people find that they have been deceived, they may feel hurt, manipulated, exploited, and betrayed.

Find Alternatives to Lying

One important way to stop lying can be to identify the situations where you might be tempted to lie and think of alternatives ways to cope. So what are some substitutes that you can use in place of lying?

  • Start small. Think of one situation where you are the most likely to tell a lie, then focus on changing that one behavior. For example, if you are most likely to lie when your partner asks for your opinion on something, consider what you can do to be more honest in that situation.
  • Be kind and tactful. Consider how you can phrase your feelings or opinions in a way that won’t make the other person feel bad. Honest feedback doesn’t have to be brutal or hurtful. Instead, you might try sharing gentle but honest opinions about what you truly feel in a way that maintains prosocial relationships.
  • Write it down. If sharing the truth out loud is too difficult, consider writing it down and sharing it in a letter, email, or text message.
  • Don’t share everything. You can tell the truth without sharing everything. For example, if people are curious about some aspect of your life that you don’t want to share, be honest about your feelings. Say something like, “I’m not comfortable sharing that.” This allows you to be honest about your feelings without resorting to a lie.
  • Change the subject. If you truly don’t want to share something or are trying to keep something private, consider shifting the topic of the conversation to something else rather than telling a lie.

Changing a habit takes time, so it can be helpful to plan how you’re going to start overcoming this behavior. Map out some of the steps you will follow to start being more truthful from now on.

Talk to a Professional

If you are struggling to stop lying or if the behavior feels impulsive or out of control, consider talking to a mental health professional. You should also consider talking to a therapist if lying has started to negatively impact your life, such as affecting your relationships, work, academics, or other aspects of your daily life.

A therapist can help you understand if your behavior might be related to a mental health condition, explore the underlying reasons behind your dishonesty, and help you find new ways to cope that don’t involve lying. In cases where lying has affected your close relationships, you might consider couples counseling, family therapy, or group therapy to find ways to mend those connections.

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We’ve tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of the best online therapy programs including Talkspace, BetterHelp, and ReGain. Find out which option is the best for you.


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Alcoholic Parents: How Children Are Affected


Key Takeaways

  • Growing up with a parent who misuses alcohol can lead to low self-esteem and trust issues.
  • Children of parents with alcohol use disorder are more likely to have trouble in school and develop behavioral issues.
  • If you have a parent with alcohol use disorder, seeking support from mental health professionals can help.

Alcoholic parents (now referred to as parents with alcohol use disorder or AUD) affect their children in many ways, some so profound that the kids never outgrow them. Here’s a look at the psychological, emotional, interpersonal, and behavioral effects of being raised by parents who are struggling with alcohol use.

Unclear Sense of Normalcy

Children whose parents use alcohol may not have had a good example to follow from their childhood, and may never have experienced traditional or harmonious family relationships. So adult children of parents with AUD may have to guess at what it means to be “normal.”

Because alcohol use is normalized in families with alcoholism, children can often struggle to distinguish between good role models and bad ones. As a result, many will end up feeling conflicted, confused, and self-conscious when they realize that drinking is not considered normal in other families.

Trust Issues

After growing up in an atmosphere where denial, lying, and keeping secrets may have been the norm, adult children can develop serious trust problems. Broken promises of the past tell them that trusting someone will backfire on them in the future.

As a result of trust issues or the lack of self-esteem, adult children of parents with AUD often struggle with romantic relationships or avoid getting close to others.

If a child’s parent was mean or abusive when they were drunk, adult children can grow up with a fear of all angry people. They may spend their lives avoiding conflict or confrontation of any kind, worrying that it could turn violent.

Self-Judgement

Some adult children of parents with AUD take themselves very seriously, finding it extremely difficult to give themselves a break. If they had a tumultuous upbringing, they may have little self-worth and low self-esteem and can develop deep feelings of inadequacy.

Children of a parent with AUD may find themselves thinking they are different from other people and therefore not good enough. Consequently, they may avoid social situations, have difficulty making friends, and isolate themselves.

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Interpersonal Effects

Growing up with a parent who has an alcohol use disorder can change how an adult child interacts with others. It can cause problems in their relationships with friends, family members, and romantic partners.

In addition to judging themselves too harshly, some adult children of people with AUD constantly seek approval from others. They can become people-pleasers who are crushed if someone is not happy with them and live in fear of any kind of criticism.

Perhaps to avoid criticism or the anger of their parent with AUD, many children tend to become super-responsible or perfectionistic overachievers or workaholics. On the other hand, people often go in the opposite direction, mirroring the same bad behaviors they witnessed during childhood.

Behavioral Effects

Although evidence is conflicting, some behavioral changes appear to occur in children, adolescents, and adults who had a parent with AUD. Although the roles of genetics and childhood experiences are intertwined, these children may be more susceptible to substance use and other issues.

Alcohol Use

Some studies have shown that children of parents with AUD are more likely to misuse alcohol themselves in adolescence or adulthood. They may begin drinking alcohol at a younger age than other people and progress quickly to a problematic level of consumption. When both parents have AUD, teens may be at still higher risk.

Internal and External Behavior Issues

Children of parents who misuse alcohol are at higher risk for anxiety, depression, and unexplained physical symptoms (internalizing behaviors). They are also more likely to display rule-breaking, aggressiveness, and impulsivity (externalizing behaviors) in childhood.

In a study of more than 25,000 adults, those who had a parent with AUD remembered their childhoods as “difficult” and said they struggled with “bad memories” of their parent’s alcohol misuse. Some people experience this as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), like other people who had different traumatic childhood experiences.

Poor Academic Performance

Parents’ use of alcohol and teens’ lower performance in school have shown an association in research. This could be related in part to the behavior issues among children of parents with an AUD. It could also be complicated by other family circumstances.

How to Cope When Your Parent Misuses Alcohol

If you’re the child of a parent who has or had an alcohol use disorder or other substance use problems, seek out support, especially if you suspect it’s causing issues for you. Therapists and other mental health professionals with experience dealing with addiction can help.

Keep in Mind

Research suggests that about one in 10 children lives with a parent who has an alcohol use disorder, and about one in 5 adults lived with a person who used alcohol when they were growing up. Parents with an AUD may have difficulty providing children with a safe, loving environment, which can lead to long-term emotional and behavioral consequences. If your family is affected by alcohol use, it is important to seek help.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Haugland SH, Carvalho B, Stea TH, Strandheim A, Vederhus JK. Associations between parental alcohol problems in childhood and adversities during childhood and later adulthood: A cross-sectional study of 28047 adults from the general population. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):47. doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00384-9

  2. Eiden RD, Molnar DS, Colder C, Edwards EP, Leonard KE. A conceptual model predicting internalizing problems in middle childhood among children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fathers: The role of marital aggression. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70(5):741-50. doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.741

  3. Park S, Schepp KG. A systematic review of research on children of alcoholics: Their inherent resilience and vulnerability. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(5):1222-1231. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9930-7

  4. UC Santa Cruz Counseling and Psychological Services. Adult child of an alcoholic (ACoA).

  5. Eiden RD, Godleski SA, Colder CR, Livingston JA, Leising MC, Leonard KE. Early childhood risk and protective factors predicting resilience against adolescent substance use. Adv Res Sci. 2020;1(2):107-119. doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00007-5

  6. Wong MM, Brower KJ, Conroy DA, Lachance KA, Craun EA. Sleep characteristics and behavioral problems among children of alcoholics and controls. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(3):603-612. doi:10.1111/acer.13585

  7. Berg L, Bäck K, Vinnerljung B, Hjern A. Parental alcohol‐related disorders and school performance in 16‐year‐olds—a Swedish national cohort study. Addiction. 2016;111(10):1795-1803. doi:10.1111/add.13454

  8. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Children living with parents who have a substance use disorder.

  9. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Alcohol use in families.

Additional Reading

By Buddy T

Buddy T is a writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Because he is a member of a support group that stresses the importance of anonymity at the public level, he does not use his photograph or his real name on this website.


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The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Key Takeaways

  • The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) measures IQ using different mental abilities rather than one general intelligence score.
  • WAIS was designed to be used with adults and gives a detailed look at strengths and weaknesses.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an intelligence test first published in 1955 and designed to measure intelligence in adults and older adolescents. The test was designed by psychologist David Wechsler, who believed that intelligence was made up of a number of different mental abilities rather than a single general intelligence factor.

Below, learn more about the history of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the different versions of the test, how it is used, and its benefits and limitations.

History of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Wechsler was dissatisfied with what he believed were the limitations of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Among his chief complaints about that test was the single score that emerged, its emphasis on timed tasks, and the fact that the test had been designed specifically for children and was therefore invalid for adults.

As a result, Wechsler devised a new test during the 1930s, known as the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scales. The test was later revised and became known as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, or WAIS.

WAIS vs. Stanford Binet

One interesting thing to note is that Alfred Binet, the developer of the world’s first intelligence test, also believed that intelligence was far too complex a subject to be sufficiently described by a single number.

The goal of his original test was to help identify children who needed specialized help in school. Binet felt that a variety of individual factors, including a child’s level of motivation, could influence test scores.

WAIS

  • Introduced in 1955

  • Developed to address weaknesses in Stanford-Binet

  • Created to be used with adults

  • Contains some timed subtests

  • Provides a number of different scores

Stanford-Binet

  • Developed in 1939

  • Developed for use with children

  • Emphasizes timed tests

  • Produces only a single, general intelligence score

In a sense, Wechsler’s test was a return to many of the ideas that Binet had also espoused. Instead of giving a single overall score, the WAIS provides a profile of the test-taker’s overall strengths and weaknesses.

One benefit of this approach is that the pattern of scores can also provide useful information. For example, scoring high in certain areas but low in others might indicate the presence of a specific learning disability.

How the WAIS Is Scored

Like the traditional Stanford-Binet test, the WAIS also provides an overall score. However, Wechsler utilized a different approach to calculating this number. As you might remember from reading about the history of intelligence testing, scores on the early Stanford-Binet were derived from dividing mental age by chronological age.

On the WAIS, Wechsler instead compared the scores of the test-taker to those of others in their general age group. The average score is fixed at 100, with approximately two-thirds of all scores falling somewhere between 85 and 115.

On the current version of the WAIS, test scores that fall between 90 and 110 are considered average intelligence. Many other intelligence tests later adopted Wechsler’s method, including the modern version of the Stanford-Binet.

Versions of the WAIS

There have been four different versions of the WAIS over the years. These include:

  • WAIS (1955): The original test was a revision of the Wechsler-Bellvue Intelligence Scale, a test that was first released in 1939.
  • WAIS-R (1981): The first revision of the test added new norms but relied on validity data from the original test. It also included six verbal and five information subtests and provided a verbal IQ score, performance IQ score, and overall IQ score.
  • WAIS-III (1997): This test version included seven verbal and six performance subtests. Along with providing scores for verbal, performance, and overall IQ, the test also includes secondary scores for perceptual organization, processing speed, verbal comprehension, and working memory.
  • WAIS-IV (2008): This version of the WAIS consists of 10 main subtests and five supplemental tests. The core subtests are used to obtain two overall summary scores, including a Full-Scale IQ and a General Ability Index. Similar to the WAIS-IV, individual index scores are provided for perceptual reasoning, processing speed, verbal comprehension, and working memory.
  • WAIS-5 (2024): This version consists of 7 primary subtests, which are used to calculate the full-scale IQ score, and 10 secondary subtests for expanded clinical use.

Current Version: The WAIS-5

The current version of the WAIS will be released in the fall of 2024 and includes seven core subtests as well as ten supplemental subtests. Additionally, the WAIS-5 test provides five major index scores.

Scores Provided

  • Fluid Reasoning
  • Processing Speed
  • Verbal Comprehension
  • Visual-Spatial Ability
  • Working Memory

The WAIS surpassed the Stanford-Binet in use during the 1960s. Today, it is the most frequently used intelligence test worldwide for both adolescents and adults.

Benefits of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is widely used for a number of reasons. Some benefits include the following:

  • The test is well-established and has good test-retest reliability. 
  • It accurately measures a person’s current intellectual status and functioning.
  • Research suggests that the WAIS can be a useful clinical tool for assessing mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Limitations of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

While the WAIS can be a useful clinical tool, it does have some limitations and drawbacks. Some of these include:

  • The test does not assess non-academic skills that can play an important role in success and well-being, such as motivation, creativity, emotional intelligence, and social skills.
  • The test can provide a relative measure, but it does not offer a full view of a person’s abilities, talents, or potential. 
  • The tests cannot be utilized with individuals with vision, auditory, or motor impairments.
  • Versions of the test for non-English speakers are limited. There are currently two Spanish versions (one for Spanish speakers from Spain and one for Spanish speakers from Mexico).
  • Scores on subtests may also differ for neurodivergent adults. People may score higher or lower on certain subtests depending on their unique traits and characteristics.
  • It may not be suitable for older adults, especially those over the age of 89.

Current Uses

Today, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale continues to be one of the most widely used clinical instruments. In addition to being used to measure adult and adolescent intelligence, clinicians use the test to:

  • Assess cognitive functioning in people with psychiatric conditions
  • Assess functioning in people with brain injury
  • Evaluating patterns of brain dysfunction
  • Diagnostic purposes

Recap

Although there are many different reasons why the WAIS might be used, it’s sometimes used by neuropsychologists and rehabilitation psychologists in people who have been injured. They can utilize the test to see what areas of the brain have been affected and determine cognitive function.

Final Thoughts

The Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale can be a useful tool for clinicians to assess cognitive functioning. It may be used to assess intelligence, but it is frequently utilized to look at cognitive abilities in people who have experienced brain trauma or psychiatric illness. If you are interested in taking the WAIS, it is crucial for it to be given by a trained and experienced administrator who is familiar with the standardized testing and scoring protocols.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Denney DA, Ringe WK, Lacritz LH. Dyadic short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2015;30(5):404–412. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv035

  2. Loring DW, Bauer RM. Testing the limits: Cautions and concerns regarding the new Wechsler IQ and Memory scales. Neurology. 2010;74(8):685–690. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d0cd12

  3. Pearson. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – 5th Edition.

  4. Hartman DE. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS IV): Return of the gold standard. Applied Neuropsychology. 2009;16(1):85-87. doi:10.1080/09084280802644466

  5. Carlozzi NE, Kirsch NL, Kisala PA, Tulsky DS. An examination of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in individuals with complicated mild, moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI)Clin Neuropsychol. 2015;29(1):21-37. doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1005677

  6. Pearson. WAIS-IV: Spanish versions suitable for Mexico and for Spain are available.

  7. Cicinelli G, Nobile E, Brighenti S, et al. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – Fourth Edition profiles of adults with autism spectrum disorderEpidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2022;31:e67. doi:10.1017/S2045796022000506

Kendra Cherry

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the “Everything Psychology Book.”


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The Dos and Don’ts of Dating a Coworker


Key Takeaways

  • It’s important to know your company’s policy on dating coworkers to avoid risks and repercussions.
  • Make sure your relationship doesn’t interfere with work and always keep things professional.
  • Be prepared for possible challenges and changes that can arise from dating a coworker.

Does it ever seem like the office is a hub for budding romances? Plenty of our favorite fictional couples certainly started out as office flirtations or coworker crushes. Think Jim and Pam from “The Office,” Mulder and Scully from “The X-Files,” or David and Patrick from “Schitt’s Creek.” 

After all, most adults spend a third of their lives on the job; it’s little wonder that sparks might fly with a cute colleague. While such romances are common, dating a coworker can disrupt office etiquette and create challenges in your work and love life. Some workplaces even have strict guidelines prohibiting office romances.

While online dating has changed how people meet romantic partners, the workplace still ranks as one of the top five places for heterosexual couples to meet. One survey found that more than 60% of U.S. adults have dated a co-worker at some point during their career. While the same survey found that 43% of these office romances ultimately ended in marriage, that doesn’t mean that workplace relationships don’t have the potential to create problems.

Dos

  • Know company policy

  • Understand the risks

  • Decide if it’s worth it

  • Take it slow

  • Stay professional

Don’ts

  • PDA

  • Argue at work

  • Spend too much time together at work

  • Harass, discriminate, or retaliate

  • Show favoritism

Assessing the Worthiness of the Relationship

The first challenge before you date someone in the workplace is perhaps the most important; deciding whether it’s worth the risk. Jumping into a whirlwind romance might seem romantic; the reality can be much less gratifying if you later realize you’re all wrong for each other.

There are plenty of great reasons why people decide that dating in the workplace is worthwhile. After all, you spend the bulk of your day interacting with them, so you probably feel comfortable with them and have gotten to know them pretty well. Your initial romantic first impressions can be good predictors of how successful a relationship might be. 

Because you work together, you also have a well of shared experiences to draw you together. Such connections can give you plenty of stories (and inside jokes) that can help you bond outside of work. 

Plus, let’s be honest, it’s often hard to find time outside of work to pursue other romantic interests. Dating someone you know, like, and get to spend time with each day can seem like a win-win.

But that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t seriously consider some of the risks of dating a colleague. Potential challenges you might face while dating a coworker include:

  • Workplace gossip
  • Perceptions of favortism
  • Problems with human resources
  • Conflict or discomfort following a breakup
  • Negative effects on your work
  • Risks to your job

Understanding Formal Policy

Let’s say you’ve weighed the risks and decided that, yes, this person is worth pursuing. You’re interested and they’re interested, so what’s stopping you? 

Even if the relationship has plenty of promise, you also need to consider your company’s formal workplace dating policies. 

“I know it sounds corny, but…my biggest piece of advice is read the handbook! Everything you need to know about relationships at work should be explained in detail, including any legal issues that might arise due to your actions or lack thereof,” advises Tramelle D. Jones, a career and resume coach, wellness expert, and founder of TDJ Consulting.

Since most of these handbooks, policies, and operations guides can now be found online, Jones suggests using the “find” function to search the document to locate exactly what you are looking for. 

Office romances may be forbidden in some workplaces, while others stipulate that a relationship must be disclosed to a manager or human resources. Always check to find out the official policy before starting a relationship to avoid possible repercussions.

Being in the dark about these policies can lead to problems if you decide to pursue the relationship. 

It’s important to note that employers should utilize special discretion for LGBTQIA+ workplace relationships. Company policy may require people to disclose their relationship to HR, but this can be complicated for employees who do not want other people at work to know their sexual orientation.

According to the Society for Human Resource Management, workplaces should treat LGBTQIA+ employees the same as other employees but utilize discretion to avoid disclosing a person’s identity.

If you aren’t sure if the relationship is OK or need to disclose it, consider asking HR for clarification on office relationships before jumping into a new romance.

Sexual Harassment and Discrimination

Workplace dating isn’t illegal–but sexual harassment and discrimination are. Dating a coworker isn’t a legal violation as long as the relationship does not violate federal rules against sexual harassment. But it’s that potential risk of harassment accusations and lawsuits that concern employers. Plus, there is the worry of any potential legal ramifications they may face if the relationship turns sour. 

According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), a relationship crosses the line if it involves:

  • Unwanted sexual advances
  • Conduct that constitutes sexual harassment
  • Interferes with a person’s work
  • Creates a hostile, intimidating, or offensive work environment
  • Involves requests for sexual favors

Recap

Many companies do have policies in place regarding workplace relationships. You should always check your employee handbook to see what the formal policy is and adhere to whatever the official policy says.

Taking It Slow

Even after you’ve weighed the risks and checked company policy, it’s still important to proceed with care after you’ve decided to date your coworker.

Rushing into a romance with someone at work can be a recipe for disaster. To build a solid romantic relationship (and avoid risking your professional relationship), it’s important to take things slow and build a solid foundation first.

Don’t let love (or lust) cloud your judgment. If you jump into a relationship too hastily, you might be blindsided if things don’t work out as planned.

For example, if you move too quickly, things could become very awkward at work if you suddenly realize they aren’t a good match for you. On the other hand, you might find yourself so besotted that it’s hard to focus on your work–which might put both of your jobs in peril.

Talking it out and making a plan is the best way to avoid problems. Discuss how you’ll approach the relationship, why taking things slowly is important, and how you’ll keep things strictly professional at the office.

Maintaining Professionalism

In addition to taking it slow, it is essential to set some ground rules. Maintaining professionalism is key. That means establishing and maintaining some clear boundaries between your personal and professional lives.

“People can maintain professionalism in the workplace while dating if they have the emotional stability and resilience to handle a breakup,” says Frank Thewes, LCSW, a therapist and owner of Path Forward Therapy.  “If either party can’t handle that extreme outcome, then maybe the relationship has to be reconsidered.”

Skip the Office PDA

Keep it strictly professional in the workplace. That means no public displays of affection or discussions of personal matters while at work. Treat each other the same way you’d treat colleagues when you are on the clock or in the presence of your officemates. (And lay off any pet names when you’re at work).

Remember that your relationship may affect others in the workplace. Be respectful of your colleagues’ boundaries and avoid making them uncomfortable.


TRAMELLE D. JONES, CAREER AND RESUME COACH

Keep Firm Boundaries

Create a clear separation between your careers and your personal lives. That means not talking about your personal life at work and vice versa. 

“Get clear about the nature of your relationship with your partner and ensure that both of you are on the same page regarding your expectations and boundaries,” Jones suggests.

Strong boundaries can minimize the risk of any conflicts of interest arising that might jeopardize your job or relationship. Plus, it helps support a healthier work-life balance.

Don’t Show Favoritism

Be cautious about treating your partner and coworkers equally. “If possible, avoid discussing your relationship with other colleagues or involving them in personal matters to avoid any unfair judgment from others in the workplace,” Jones suggests.

 If your coworkers know that you are dating, they are likely to feel resentful if they think that either of you is getting special treatment based on your relationship status. Circumvent the issue by being fair and equitable to everyone.

Dealing With Challenges

Dating a coworker is more common than you might think, but that doesn’t mean it’s always easy. Some challenges that can throw a wrench in your work life and your love life include:

  • Unwanted attention and office gossip
  • Difficulty staying professional
  • Personal conflicts that bleed over into the workplace
  • Workplace conflicts that boil over into arguments during your personal time together
  • Awkwardness or discomfort from colleagues
  • Jealousy or anger from coworkers who think the relationship is leading to favoritism
  • Difficult power dynamics, particularly if one partner is in a position of authority over the other
  • Increased stress from trying to juggle workplace obligations, the relationship, and the need to keep things strictly professional
  • Distress and conflict if the relationship ends in a breakup

Not every workplace romance will end in a long-term commitment, so be professional if things don’t work out. If the relationship ends in a breakup, you need to keep your eye on the bigger picture. Focus on your work, and don’t let any personal drama lead to disruptions in the workplace. 

While you might be tempted to avoid (or seek out) your ex at work, don’t. It might not be easy, but it’s important to treat them just like you would any other coworker. “Conflicts happen in any relationship, but it’s essential to handle them maturely and avoid arguing or discussing personal matters in the workplace,” Jones says.

Legal Considerations

There are a number of legal considerations to keep in mind before dating a coworker. These include the potential for:

  • Sexual harassment: The relationship must be 100% consensual. Unwelcome comments, advances, or requests may constitute sexual harassment.
  • Policy violations: While a company might not fully prohibit all workplace dating, they may have certain rules against dating subordinates.
  • Privacy issues: You may have certain expectations of privacy, but it can be difficult to maintain on a day-to-day basis when you are romantically involved with a colleague. 
  • Conflicts of interest: Relationships that involve a supervisor and a subordinate can create a conflict of interest, including the potential for abuse of power.
  • Discrimination and retaliation: If the relationship ends, it may lead to claims of discrimination and retaliation if one person feels they are being treated unfairly.

“Most companies are concerned about workplace relationships, especially between a supervisor and a subordinate, since romantic relationships can get messy!” says Jones. “It’s the organization’s responsibility to monitor violations of company policy to prevent situations from escalating into sexual harassment claims, conflicts of interest, and/or hostile work environment lawsuits,”

Thanks to the #MeToo movement, more and more people are aware of the sort of abuses that people often experience in the workplace. That includes the often subtle ways that people may feel pressured into a relationship with a coworker.

The issue gets thornier when a subordinate employee dates someone higher up the chain of command, such as someone dating their boss. First, there is the concern that the person may have entered the relationship due to pressure or fear of retaliation if they say no. This puts the organization at risk of lawsuits due to sexual harassment creating a hostile work environment.

Plus, other employees might perceive favoritism or believe that the subordinate employee is engaging in the relationship as a way to gain professional favors or advancement. Such perceptions can lead to office gossip and undermine a person’s professional accomplishments.

Research suggests that the costs of dating a workplace superior can be high; subordinates in office romances are less likely to be invited to professional development activities and are less likely to be promoted.

Before you ask your coworker out, make sure that you’re both on the same page in terms of interest. Neither of you should be pressured or obligated to say yes to a date. Pay attention to social cues and consider the factors that might be in play, including power dynamics and workplace roles. Make sure the other person feels safe and able to turn you down if they are not interested.

Seeking Support and Advice

You may also find it helpful to talk to others about the potential relationship and what it might mean for your personal and professional life. When caught in that initial thrill of infatuation, it’s easy to get wrapped up in positive feelings about the other person and become less objective about the situation.

Consider talking to a good friend, career expert, mental health professional, or even a lawyer. 

Research suggests that how people take advice about workplace romances depends significantly on the advice itself. People are more likely to listen to advice that is positive and supportive but less receptive to advice that is unsolicited, pessimistic, vague, or critical.

Advice From a Career Expert

To help steer clear of potential complications, Jones recommends:

  • Knowing and complying with company policies on workplace relationships
  • Treating your partner like any other colleague
  • Avoiding public displays of affection and favoritism
  • Keeping personal matters private
  • Dealing with conflicts maturely and professionally

“But most importantly, be prepared for change! We know relationships can sometimes lead to changes in work dynamics or end unexpectedly. Be prepared to navigate these changes professionally,” she explains.

If you are currently dating a coworker and it is affecting your work life in unexpected ways, consider reaching out to a mental health professional. They can help you work on establishing and maintaining boundaries. You can also develop coping strategies that will help you manage your interpersonal relationships, stress, and work-life balance more effectively.

Keep in Mind

While more and more people are making love connections online, the workplace is still one of the most common settings for romance to flourish. There’s no doubt it can be a place to meet someone you share a close connection with–but there’s also a lot of potential for things to go wrong.

Before you broach the possibility of a relationship, spend some time thinking about the personal and professional implications of an office romance. Does the other person welcome this interest? Do they feel safe turning you down? If the answer to either of those questions is anything less than an emphatic “Yes,” then a potential romance is a no-go. 

Also, consider what it might mean for your career and mental health. Could dating your coworker harm your career? Will it make it more challenging to interact with your colleagues? And how will you respond if the relationship doesn’t work out? Only you can answer those questions, but it’s worth considering the risks and benefits before deciding if dating your coworker is the right choice.

Love can be found in many places, and plenty of people have found lasting love with a colleague. Just make sure you’ve weighed the risks and consulted the official policies before you decide if this is the right choice for you.


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Kendra Cherry

How General Intelligence (G Factor) Is Determined

Key Takeaways

  • General intelligence is a broad mental ability that influences performance on cognitive tasks.
  • IQ tests like the Stanford-Binet measure general intelligence and express it as a single number.

General intelligence, also known as the general factor or g factor, refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures. Other terms such as intelligence, IQ, general cognitive ability, and general mental ability are also used interchangeably to mean the same thing as general intelligence.

This general mental ability is what underlies specific mental skills related to areas such as spatial, numerical, mechanical, and verbal abilities. The idea is that general intelligence influences performance on all cognitive tasks. So, general intelligence can be defined as a construct that is made up of different cognitive abilities. These abilities allow people to acquire knowledge and solve problems.

Spearman’s Theory of General Intelligence

Psychologist Charles Spearman helped develop a statistical technique known as factor analysis, which allows researchers to use a number of different test items to measure common abilities. For example, researchers might find that people who score well on questions that measure vocabulary also perform better on questions related to reading comprehension.

In 1904, Spearman suggested that this g factor was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests. He noted that while people certainly could and often did excel in certain areas, people who did well in one area tended also to do well in other areas.

Spearman’s theory of general intelligence is known as the two-factor theory and states that general intelligence or “g” is correlated with specific abilities or “s” to some degree. All tasks on intelligence tests, whether related to verbal or mathematical abilities, were influenced by this underlying g factor.

General intelligence can be compared to athleticism. A person might be a very skilled runner, but this does not necessarily mean that they will also be an excellent figure skater.

However, because this person is athletic and fit, they will probably perform much better on other physical tasks than an individual who is less coordinated and more sedentary.

Types of General Intelligence

In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell theorized that there were two types of intelligence that affect human cognitive ability: fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc). Fluid intelligence refers to intelligence that we are born with and that we acquire through interacting with our environment. Crystalized intelligence is intelligence that we acquire through our culture.

Others suggest that there are more types of general intelligence, often referred to as the “g’s of intelligence.” Additional g’s of intelligence include:

  • General memory and learning (Gy)
  • Broad visual perception (Gv)
  • Broad auditory perception (Gu)
  • Broad retrieval ability (Gr)
  • Broad cognitive speediness (Gs)
  • Reaction time (Gt)

Components of General Intelligence

There are several key components that are believed to make up general intelligence. These include:

  • Fluid reasoning: This involves the ability to think flexibly and solve problems.
  • Knowledge: This is a person’s general understanding of a wide range of topics and can be equated with crystallized intelligence.
  • Quantitative reasoning: This is an individual’s capacity to solve problems that involve numbers.
  • Visual-spatial processing: This relates to a person’s abilities to interpret and manipulate visual information, such as putting together puzzles and copying complex shapes.
  • Working memory: This involves the use of short-term memory such as being able to repeat a list of items.

How General Intelligence Is Measured

Many modern intelligence tests measure some of the cognitive factors that are thought to make up general intelligence. Such tests propose that intelligence can be measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ score.

The Stanford-Binet, which is one of the most popular intelligence tests, aims to measure the g factor. In addition to providing an overall score, the current version of the test also offers a number of score composites as well as subtest scores in ten different areas.

What Do IQ Test Scores Mean?

While scoring systems vary, the average score on many is 100 and the following labels are often used for different scoring ranges:

  • 40 – 54: Moderately impaired or delayed
  • 55 – 69: Mildly impaired or delayed
  • 70 – 79: Borderline impaired or delayed
  • 80 – 89: Low average intelligence
  • 90 – 109: Average
  • 110 – 119: High average
  • 120 – 129: Superior
  • 130 – 144: Gifted or very advanced
  • 145 – 160: Exceptionally gifted or highly advanced

Impact of General Intelligence

While the concept of intelligence is still the subject of debate within psychology, researchers believe that general intelligence is correlated with overall success in life. Some of the effects that it may have on an individual’s life include areas such as:

Academic Achievement

One of the most obvious effects of general intelligence is in the realm of academic performance. While intelligence plays a role in academics, there has been a great deal of debate over the extent to which it influences academic achievement.

Research has shown that there is a strong association between general mental ability and academic achievement, but it doesn’t act on its own. Some research suggests that between 51% and 75% of achievement cannot be accounted for by the g factor alone.

This means that while general intelligence does affect how well kids do in school, other factors can play a major role.

Job Success

IQ scores have long been thought to correlate to career success. This is why psychological testing has become so prevalent for pre-employment screening and career placement. Many have questioned, however, whether a general mental ability was really more important than specific mental abilities.

A 2020 study published in the Journal of Applied Psychology concluded that both general intelligence and specific mental abilities play an important role in determining career success including income and job attainment.

The importance of the g factor for job success becomes greater as the complexity of the work increases. For occupations with a high degree of complexity, having a higher general intelligence becomes a greater asset.

Health and Longevity

The field of cognitive epidemiology looks at associations between general intelligence and health. Just as health can play a role in influencing intelligence, a person’s intelligence may have an impact on their health. Studies have found that high-IQ individuals have a lower risk of:

  • Coronary heart disease
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Stroke
  • Some cancers

Research has found that people who have higher general intelligence also tend to be healthier and live longer, although the reasons for this are not entirely clear.

Income

Research also suggests that people with higher intelligence scores also tend to earn higher incomes. However, it is important to note that other factors play a mediating role including education, occupation, and socioeconomic background.

While the g factor has a number of effects, other variables are also important. Factors such as socioeconomic status and emotional intelligence, for example, can interact with general intelligence and play a major part in determining a person’s success.

Challenges of General Intelligence

The notion that intelligence could be measured and summarized by a single number on an IQ test was controversial, even during Spearman’s time. IQ and intelligence testing have remained topics of debate ever since. While influential, the g factor is just one way of thinking about intelligence.

Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities

Some psychologists, including L.L. Thurstone, challenged the concept of a g-factor. Thurstone instead identified a number of what he referred to as primary mental abilities:

  • Associative memory
  • Number facility
  • Perceptual speed
  • Reasoning
  • Spatial visualization
  • Verbal comprehension

He suggested that all people possess these mental abilities, although to varying degrees. People could be low in some areas and high in others.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

More recently, psychologists such as Howard Gardner have argued against the notion that a single general intelligence can accurately capture all of human mental ability. Gardner instead proposed that multiple intelligences exist.

Each intelligence represents abilities in a certain domain such as visual-spatial intelligence, verbal-linguistic intelligence, and logical-mathematical intelligence.

Research today points to an underlying mental ability that contributes to performance on many cognitive tasks. IQ scores, which are designed to measure this general intelligence, are also thought to influence an individual’s overall success in life.

However, while IQ can play a role in academic and life success, other factors such as childhood experiences, educational experiences, socioeconomic status, motivation, maturity, and personality also play a critical role in determining overall success.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Glanagan DP, Dixon SG. The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities. Encyclopedia Spec Educ. 2014. doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese0431

  2. Gottfredson LS. Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence. 1997;24(1):79-132. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90014-3

  3. Tikhomirova T, Malykh A, Malykh S. Predicting academic achievement with cognitive abilities: Cross-sectional study across school educationBehav Sci (Basel). 2020;10(10):158. doi:10.3390/bs10100158

  4. Lang JWB, Kell HJ. General mental ability and specific abilities: Their relative importance for extrinsic career successJournal of Applied Psychology. 2020;105(9):1047-1061.doi:10.1037/apl0000472

  5. Kanazawa S. Childhood intelligence and adult obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(3):434-40. doi: 10.1002/oby.20018

  6. Kajantie E, Räikkönen K, Henriksson M, et al. Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial in relation to other intellectual abilities and coronary heart disease by low general intelligence. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(11):e46841. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046841

  7. Kanazawa S. General intelligence, disease heritability, and health: A preliminary testPersonality and Individual Differences. 2014;71:83-85.doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.028

Additional Reading

  • Coon D, Mitterer JO. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior With Concept Maps. Wadsworth; 2010.

  • Myers DG. Psychology, Seventh Edition. Worth Publishers; 2004.

  • Terman LM, Oden MH. Genetic Studies of Genius. Vol. V. The Gifted at Mid-Life: Thirty-Five Years’ Follow-Up of the Superior Child. Stanford University Press; 1959.

Kendra Cherry

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the “Everything Psychology Book.”


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Is It OK to Smoke Just One Cigarette After Quitting?

Key Takeaways

  • Smoking one cigarette after quitting can lead to a full relapse into regular smoking.
  • Spending time with other smokers can also increase the chance of wanting to smoke again. 

Once you stop smoking, you might wonder if it is possible to have an occasional cigarette after quitting. If you decide to go ahead and smoke just one, the risk of relapse is strong. Chances are that you’ll be back to smoking as much as you did before you quit.

Spending time with people who regularly smoke can also increase the risk of relapse. Research shows that ex-smokers have an increased likelihood of a smoking relapse when there’s greater exposure to other smokers in social situations, at work, or home. Unfortunately, these situations are sometimes difficult to avoid and can lead to intense nicotine cravings.

Don’t tell yourself that you can control nicotine once you get a taste. It just doesn’t work that way for people with nicotine addiction. The only way to keep the beast at bay is to keep nicotine out of your system completely.

Slip vs. Relapse

When quitting smoking, it is important to recognize the difference between a slip and a relapse. A slip involves having a cigarette or two before you quit completely. A relapse involves a full return to smoking regularly.

Remember that slips and even full relapses are very common. The CDC suggests that most people make eight to 11 attempts before they quit successfully. One study found that the number of attempts ranged from six to as many as 30 or more.

Slips are common and expected, but they don’t need to derail progress. If you slipped and smoked a cigarette, recognize that you can easily relapse, but you haven’t yet gone that far…yet.

Look for tactics to make it harder to take another smoke. Reach out to your social support. Don’t let feelings of failure snowball until you give up on quitting.

Tips for Quitting Smoking

If you absolutely cannot shake thoughts of smoking and are worried you’re about to cave in and smoke, stop everything. Sit down with a pen and paper and honestly answer the questions below. Or, answer these questions in advance and carry them with you to review when needed.

  • Thinking back to the day you quit, how were you feeling about smoking?
  • How many years did you smoke? How long did you want to stop?
  • If you go back to smoking will you want to quit again? Will you wish you hadn’t lit up?
  • When will you quit again? Will it be weeks, months, years, or when illness strikes?
  • What benefits will smoking offer you?
  • Is smoking now worth giving up all of the work you’ve invested in cessation?
  • Will quitting be any easier the next time around?

Taking an honest look at these questions and their answers will help you find balance when the urge to smoke seems so important that you’re ready to throw everything you’ve worked for away and give in.

Keep your reasons for quitting at the forefront of your memory. They are no less true today than when you quit, but they can feel less critical if you’re not careful.

Watch Your Thinking

When many people quit smoking they go through a fair amount of addictive thought patterns—the internal battle between nicotine addiction and themselves. Early in smoking cessation that dialog can seem relentless. The voice in your head trying to convince you to smoke is persistent, annoying, and exhausting.

This phase of nicotine withdrawal is temporary. The less attention you give to unhealthy thoughts of smoking, the better. But how can you do that?

It’s important to realize ahead of time that the mental contortions you will experience after you stub out your last cigarette are a normal part of the recovery process.

Don’t panic and think you’re failing because you want a cigarette. Think of that inner chatter as a sign of healing, because that is exactly what it is.

Distracting Yourself

Time will lessen the power of thoughts that trigger cravings to smoke. In the meantime, use distraction as a tool to jolt yourself out of a bad mindset as smoking thoughts come up.

Create a list of activities you can do at a moment’s notice so that you’re not left struggling when the urge to smoke hits. Be proactive and know that with each urge you overcome, your brain is registering new ways of coping.

In time, it will be easier to redirect yourself, and with more time, thoughts of smoking will lose their power entirely.

Some days will be worse than others. Such is smoking cessation, and such is life. On days when simple distractions don’t work and you’re feeling agitated and unhappy, pull out a different list—one that details rewards tailored to your interests.

Create a List of Rewards

Many people tend to neglect their comfort in favor of the needs of others who are important to them. You put them first on the list, and while this is admirable, you must take care of your own needs, especially while quitting tobacco.

Put a list together of ways to pamper yourself. Include items you know will make you feel good and rejuvenate your body and mind after a hard day. Ideas could include:

  • Dinner out or dinner in with take-out (or have someone else in the family cook)
  • Taking a long walk in nature with the dog
  • Give yourself an hour to soak in a long hot bath
  • Relax with a good book in a quiet room
  • Head to the gym for a workout and a swim
  • Take a power nap
  • Schedule some time to work on a hobby you enjoy

Make your treats self-indulgent and guilt-free. You’re working hard to recover from a tough addiction, and a little positive reinforcement goes a long way.

If all else fails and cigarette cravings won’t give you any peace, put your mind on ignore and go to bed earlier than usual. Tomorrow will be a better day.

Online Support

You can call or text the National Cancer Institute’s quitline or sign up for their live chat, including a real-time link to a counselor. Even if you are not a person who likes to participate in forums or group support, stop in and take a browse through a smoking cessation support forum.

Join an active community of people who are at all stages of quitting, and there’s no doubt your motivation will be bolstered by what you read there.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Partos TR, Borland R, Yong HH, Thrasher J, Hammond D. Cigarette packet warning labels can prevent relapse: findings from the International Tobacco Control 4-Country policy evaluation cohort study. Tob Control. 2013;22(e1):e43-50. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050254

  2. Smokefree.gov. Slips and relapses.

  3. Chaiton M, Diemert L, Cohen JE, et al. Estimating the number of quit attempts it takes to quit smoking successfully in a longitudinal cohort of smokersBMJ Open. 2016;6(6):e011045. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011045

  4. DiFranza JR. Can tobacco dependence provide insights into other drug addictions? BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):365. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1074-4

  5. Jackson KJ, Muldoon PP, De Biasi M, Damaj MI. New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology. 2015;96(Pt B):223-34. doi10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009

  6. Moskowitz JM, Mcdonnell DD, Kazinets G, Lee HJ. Online smoking cessation program for Korean Americans: Randomized trial to test effects of incentives for program completion and interim surveys. Prev Med. 2016;86:70-6. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.019


By Terry Martin

Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction.


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