Sherri Gordon

How to Recognize Verbal Abuse

Key Takeaways

  • Verbal abuse involves using words to control, demean, or manipulate another person.
  • It can take many forms, including criticism, gaslighting, name-calling, yelling, and subtle put-downs.
  • Recognizing verbal abuse involves noticing consistent patterns of disrespect, humiliation, and control.

Verbal abuse is a form of emotional abuse that uses words to dominate, ridicule, manipulate, and degrade, often to maintain power over someone. It can involve overt actions like yelling and name-calling, but it can also take more subtle forms that are harder to recognize, like guilt-tripping, sarcasm, and constant criticism. Understanding these patterns is the first step toward identifying and addressing verbal abuse in a relationship.

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Spotting the Signs

Some signs that you are experiencing verbal abuse include:

  • You are afraid of your abuser.
  • You feel like you have to walk on eggshells around the other person.
  • You feel like you cannot share things about yourself with them for fear that they will mock or ridicule you.
  • You’re afraid to go out in public with them because of what they will say about you in front of other people.
  • You feel threatened.
  • You feel as if you are constantly being put down about how you look, think, act, dress, or talk.
  • You feel inferior or ashamed about who you are.
  • They yell at you but then suggest that you are overly sensitive or that you don’t have a sense of humor.
  • They overreact to small problems and then blame you for the resulting argument.
  • They suggest that they are the victim and try to make you feel guilty about something they accuse you of doing.
  • They hide this verbal abuse when you are around other people but act completely different when you are alone.

Forms that Verbal Abuse May Take

Verbal abuse can take many different forms, including:

  • Blaming: This type involves making the victim believe they are responsible for the abusive behavior or that they bring the verbal abuse upon themselves.
  • Condescension: While often disguised as humor, sarcastic comments that are intended to belittle and demean the other person can be a form of verbal abuse.
  • Criticism: This involves harsh and persistent remarks that are meant to make the person feel bad about themselves and are not constructive but deliberate and hurtful. Criticism can be painful in public or private, particularly if the person is simply being mean and has no intention of being constructive. 
  • Gaslighting: This is a type of insidious, and sometimes covert, emotional abuse where the abuser makes the target question their judgments and reality.
  • Humiliation: It can be particularly painful to be insulted in public by a peer, a friend, a family member, or a dating partner.
  • Judging: This type of verbal abuse involves looking down on the victim, not accepting them for who they are, or holding them to unrealistic expectations.
  • Manipulation: Using words to manipulate and control the other person is also a type of verbal abuse. This can include making statements like, “If you really loved me, you wouldn’t talk to other people about our relationship,” or using guilt trips to get you to do certain things
  • Name-calling: Abusive, derogatory language, or insults that chip away at the target’s self-esteem, sense of self-worth, and self-concept. Anytime someone engages in name-calling, it is a form of verbal abuse. Even if the names are said in a neutral voice, this is not an acceptable treatment of another person.
  • Ridicule: Typically, verbally abusive people will make you the butt of their jokes. This can be done in private or in person. But if you don’t find it funny, then it is not harmless fun. What’s more, verbally abusive people usually select jokes that attack an area where you feel vulnerable or weak.
  • Threats: This involves statements meant to frighten, control, and manipulate the victim into compliance. No threat should ever be taken lightly. When people make threats, they are trying to control and manipulate you. Remember, there is no better way to control someone than to make them fearful in some way.
  • Withholding: This type of verbal abuse involves a refusal to give affection or attention, including talking to you, looking at you, or even being in the same room with you. Examples of withholding or ignoring include stonewalling or giving someone the silent treatment.

When someone is being verbally abused, the person attacking them may use overt forms of abuse like engaging in name-calling and making threats, but also more insidious methods like gaslighting or constantly correcting, interrupting, putting down, and demeaning them.

Even prolonged silent treatment is a form of verbal abuse. When this happens, the person is attempting to control and punish the victim by refusing to talk to them.

For some people, especially those who experience verbal abuse in the home or experienced it as a child, it can often be overlooked because verbal assaults feel like a normal way to communicate. But they are anything but normal and can have lasting consequences.

Verbal abuse can occur in any type of relationship: romantic relationships, parent-child relationships, family relationships, and co-worker relationships.

Why It’s Hard to Recognize Verbal Abuse

Most people assume that if they were being verbally abused, they would know about it. After all, verbal abuse often involves yelling, put-downs, name-calling, and belittling behaviors. But verbal abuse isn’t always loud and easy to spot. Some people experience it regularly without realizing what’s happening.

Verbal abuse can be overt and involve using words to name-call, bully, demean, frighten, intimidate, or control another person. This can include overt verbal abuse such as yelling, screaming, or swearing. Such behaviors are attempts to gain power, and the goal is to control and intimidate you into submission

It can also be covert and involve more subtle tactics that gradually emerge over the course of a relationship. This can include things like:

Because subtle forms of verbal abuse are often disguised as humor or concern, victims of verbal abuse often question whether or not what they are experiencing is truly abusive. They also wonder whether or not it is a big deal.

Verbal abuse can be particularly confusing because the partner may not be abusive all of the time, and their behavior likely emerged slowly over time. In this way, verbal abuse can be insidious and subtle.

As a result, when the abuser is loving and gentle, the victim can forget about the negative behavior. Ultimately, the victim ends up ignoring the pattern of verbal abuse or makes excuses for the behavior, saying that the abuser is just stressed or going through a tough time right now.

Why Some People Are Verbally Abusive

People engage in verbal abuse for a variety of reasons. Factors that play a role include:

  • Family history
  • Past experiences
  • Personality
  • Mental illness

The goal of the abuser is to control you by making you feel bad about who you are.

How It Affects Your Mental Health

Verbal abuse can impact every element of life, from academic performance to relationships to success at work. Just like any other form of abuse or bullying, verbal abuse has both short- and long-term consequences, including:

When verbal abuse is particularly severe, it can impact whether or not people can see themselves as being successful in any area of life. Those who experience verbal abuse as children may experience feelings of worthlessness, difficulty trusting others, and problems regulating their emotions as adults.

Research has shown that children who are verbally abused, either at home or by their peers at school, are at a greater risk for depression and anxiety as adults.

It is not uncommon for a person who is verbally abused to feel inadequate, stupid, and worthless. In some cases, they are explicitly told they are these things by the person abusing them.

Verbal abuse sometimes precedes physical abuse; however, this is not always the case. Verbal abuse can exist without physical abuse. The effects of verbal abuse can be just as damaging as those of physical abuse.

What to Do If You’re Being Verbally Abused

The first step in dealing with verbal abuse is to recognize the abuse. If you were able to identify any type of verbal abuse in your relationship, it’s important to acknowledge that first and foremost.

By being honest about what you are experiencing, you can begin to take steps to regain control. While you need to consider your individual situation and circumstances, these tips can help if you find yourself in a verbally abusive relationship.

  • Immediately call out the behavior: Try to call out the abuse when it happens by requesting the person stop it. If they don’t listen, safely remove yourself from the situation. Consider limiting your interactions with this person and/or ending the relationship.
  • Set boundaries: Firmly tell the verbally abusive person that they may no longer criticize, judge or shame you, name-call, threaten you, and so on. Then, tell them what will happen if they continue this abusive behavior. For instance, tell them that if they scream or swear at you, the conversation will be over and you will leave the room. The key is to follow through; don’t set boundaries you have no intention of keeping.
  • Limit exposure: If possible, take time away from the verbally abusive person and spend time with people who love and support you. Limiting exposure to the person can give you space to reevaluate your relationship. Surrounding yourself with a network of friends and family will help you feel less lonely and isolated and remind you of what a healthy relationship should look like.
  • End the relationship: If there are no signs that the verbal abuse will end or that the person has any intention of working on their behavior, you will likely need to take steps to end the relationship. Before doing so, share your thoughts and ideas with a trusted friend, family member, or counselor. You may also want to come up with a safety plan in case the abuse escalates when you break things off.
  • Document and report: If the abusive person is someone you cannot just eliminate from your life, such as a coworker, talk to them and request that they stop their behavior. Document incidents of abuse and inform the human resources department. Federal law doesn’t cover bullying, but workplace discrimination and harassment are. Seek legal advice if your workplace isn’t supportive of your claims.
  • Seek help: Healing from a verbally abusive relationship may not be something you can do on your own. Reach out to trusted loved ones for support, and consider talking to a therapist who can help you process your emotions and develop healthy coping skills for dealing with the short- and long-term consequences of verbal abuse.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Hamamra B, Mahamid F, Bdier D. Verbal violence and its psychological and social dimensions in intimate and familial relationshipsDiscov Ment Health. 2025;5(1):130. doi:10.1007/s44192-025-00270-x

  2. Yun JY, Shim G, Jeong B. Verbal abuse related to self-esteem damage and unjust blame harms mental health and social interaction in college populationSci Rep. 2019;9:5655. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42199-6

  3. Sweet LP. The sociology of gaslighting. Am Socio Rev. 2019;84(5):851-875. doi:10.1177/0003122419874843

  4. Shdaifat EA, Al Amer MM, Jamama AA. Verbal abuse and psychological disorders among nursing student interns in KSAJ Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2020;15(1):66-74. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.12.007

  5. Iram Rizvi SF, Najam N. Parental psychological abuse toward children and mental health problems in adolescencePak J Med Sci. 2014;30(2):256-260.

  6. Grossman FK, Spinazzola J, Zucker M, Hopper E. Treating adult survivors of childhood emotional abuse and neglect: A new frameworkAm J Orthopsychiatry. 2017;87(1):86-93. doi:10.1037/ort0000225

  7. Dye HL. Is emotional abuse as harmful as physical and/or sexual abuseJ Child Adolesc Trauma. 2019;13(4):399-407. doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00292-y

  8. Office on Women’s Health. Emotional and verbal abuse.

  9. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Harassment.

Sherri Gordon

By Sherri Gordon

Sherri Gordon, CLC is a published author, certified professional life coach, and bullying prevention expert. She’s also the former editor of Columbus Parent and has countless years of experience writing and researching health and social issues.


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25 Self-Worth and Self-Esteem Quotes

Key Takeaways

  • Self-worth and self-esteem quotes can inspire you to challenge negative thoughts and practice self-compassion.
  • Find quotes that resonate with you, reflect on their meaning, and use them as daily reminders.
  • Develop your strengths, celebrate your successes, and get support from positive people to foster healthy self-worth.

We all struggle with self-doubt and insecurity from time to time. If you’ve been questioning your worth or struggling with confidence, quotes can be a positive source of affirmation and inspiration. These self-worth and self-esteem quotes are a great reminder to believe in yourself and love yourself as you are because you are enough.

25 Quotes to Support Self-Worth and Self-Esteem

“Quotes can be powerful because they encapsulate affirming and empowering messages in concise and relatable ways,” says Aja Chavez, LMFT, executive director of adolescent services at AMFM Healthcare.

Here are some quotes that will help remind you of your self-worth:

Always remember you are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think.

Life is tough, my darling, but so are you.


STEPHANIE BENNETT HENRY

Believe you can and you’re halfway there.

If you hear a voice within you say, ‘you cannot paint,’ then by all means paint, and that voice will be silenced.

The most terrifying thing is to accept oneself completely.

Accept who you are; and revel in it.

Wanting to be someone else is a waste of the person you are.

One of the greatest regrets in life is being what others would want you to be, rather than being yourself.

Why should I care what other people think of me? I am who I am. And who I wanna be.

Don’t waste your energy trying to change opinions. Do your thing, and don’t care if they like it.

You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.

Tear off the mask, your face is glorious.

No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.

Never dull your shine for somebody else.

Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one’s definition of your life, but define yourself.

The greatest thing in the world is to know how to belong to oneself.

You’re always with yourself, so you might as well enjoy the company.


DIANE VON FURSTENBERG

To love oneself is the beginning of a lifelong romance.

The better you feel about yourself, the less you feel the need to show off.

The most beautiful thing you can wear is confidence.

Self-confidence is contagious.

If you have no confidence in self, you are twice defeated in the race of life. With confidence, you have won even before you have started.

Remember, you have been criticizing yourself for years, and it hasn’t worked. Try approving of yourself and see what happens.

Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.

Be messy and complicated and afraid and show up anyways.

Why Self-Worth and Self-Esteem Matter

Self-worth and self-esteem are two closely related ideas that are both essential for our overall well-being. They are foundational to our mental and emotional health, influencing how we perceive ourselves, interact with others, and navigate life’s challenges, says Chavez.

These are some of the reasons why it’s important to have a healthy sense of self-worth and self-esteem, according to the expert:

  • Healthier relationships: When we value ourselves, we’re better at setting boundaries and demanding respect. This allows for more balanced, fulfilling, and mutually respectful relationships, says Chavez.
  • Less dependency: High self-esteem reduces the tendency to seek attention and validation from others, leading to more genuine and equitable relationships.
  • Greater resilience: Resilience is our ability to bounce back from challenging situations. Chavez explains that when we believe in ourselves, we become more resilient and better equipped to handle setbacks and adversity because we possess the inner strength to persevere through difficulties.
  • Increased motivation: Believing in our own worth also motivates us to pursue goals and strive for self-improvement, encouraging us to take risks, explore new opportunities, and reach our potential, says Chavez.
  • Better decision-making: Believe it or not, having a healthy sense of self-worth and self-esteem also contributes to better decision-making abilities. Chavez says we can trust our instincts and judgments, leading to more confident and assertive choices and less likely to regret them.
  • Greater adaptability: A strong sense of self-worth allows us to be flexible and adapt to changing circumstances, maintaining our sense of identity and purpose despite external changes.
  • More positivity: Self-esteem also fosters a more positive outlook on life, encouraging us to focus on our strengths and capabilities rather than our shortcomings.
  • Increased self-compassion: Self-worth promotes self-compassion, allowing us to treat ourselves with kindness and understanding, especially during tough times.
  • Improved mental health: High self-worth and self-esteem contribute to better mental health, says Chavez. Research shows us that they’re linked to lower levels of depression, stress, and anxiety, and greater happiness and well-being.
  • Better body image: Self-worth and self-esteem are also key ingredients to maintaining a healthier body image that isn’t contingent on our appearance.

How These Quotes Actually Help

You’re probably wondering how quotes can boost our self-esteem and self-worth. 

Quotes can be powerful because they encapsulate affirming and empowering messages in concise and relatable ways.

Here’s how they work:

  • Act as positive affirmations: These quotes often act as positive affirmations. By repeating or simply reading statements about self-love, self-acceptance, and inner strength, they plant the seeds of more positive beliefs.
  • Challenge negative self-talk: These quotes can challenge and change negative thought patterns by providing new, positive perspectives that can help reframe how we see ourselves, says Chavez.
  • Validate our feelings: Sometimes, hearing a positive message from an outside source can be especially validating. When we read quotes that resonate with our experiences, it validates our feelings and assures us that we are not alone on the struggle bus.
  • Provide inspiration: Chavez notes that uplifting quotes inspire us to take action and make positive changes in our lives. They remind us what we’re capable of and give us the push we need to get going.
  • Motivate us: Quotes from successful or admired figures can be motivating. They remind us that even accomplished people have doubts and struggles, but they persevered. This can motivate us to believe in ourselves and keep pushing forward.
  • Improve mood: Engaging with positive messages can lift our spirits and improve our mood. Chavez adds that this emotional boost can have a lasting impact on our self-esteem over time.
  • Shift focus: These quotes can distract us from negative thoughts and refocus our attention on empowering ideas. This mental shift can help us recalibrate our goals and energies.

How to Self-Worth and Self-Esteem Quotes Work for You

  • Find the right quotes: Choose quotes that resonate with your current situation. Are you facing self-doubt, needing a motivational push, or seeking validation? Find quotes that address those specific needs.
  • Display them as reminders: You can write or print out the quotes you like and stick them around your home and workspace, to serve as daily reminders of your worth. If you prefer, you could also set reminders on your phone, so these positive messages pop up on your screen, offering a quick burst of encouragement during the day.
  • Read and reflect: Don’t just skim the quotes when you see them. Take the time to read them slowly, understand their meaning, and reflect on how they apply to your life.
  • Internalize the messages: Rephrase the quotes in your own words. How would you express the message to yourself?
  • Visualize success: Pair each quote with a mental image of yourself accomplishing what it describes. Visualize achieving that goal. What does it look, feel, and sound like?
  • Recite them as mantras: You can repeat your chosen quote throughout the day like a mantra, especially when you’re in challenging situations.
  • Use them as a journal prompt: You can also use the quotes as journal prompts. Write about the experiences and emotions they evoke.

What to Do When Quotes Aren’t Enough

Quotes are a fantastic starting point, but they can’t single-handedly build lasting self-esteem. Here’s what you can do when quotes aren’t enough:

  • Practice self-compassion: Quotes can nudge you in the right direction, but true self-worth comes from being compassionate to yourself. Chavez says it’s important to treat yourself with the same kindness and understanding you would offer to a friend. Self-compassion exercises can help you learn how to be kinder to yourself.
  • Develop your strengths: What are you good at? Actively engage in activities that utilize your strengths. Psychologist Albert Bandura believed that mastery experiences are an important part in developing self-efficacy. This sense of mastery fosters self-belief.
  • Celebrate your wins: Keep a “win” jar or journal where you record your accomplishments, big or small. “Celebrate your progress and accomplishments, no matter how small they may seem,” says Chavez.
  • Help others: Helping others is a powerful way to boost your own self-esteem. Volunteer your time, support a friend, or simply offer a helping hand. Contributing positively fosters self-worth.
  • Surround yourself with positive people: Chavez recommends cultivating relationships with people who uplift and support you and avoiding those who consistently undermine or devalue you. The company you keep matters.
  • Focus on progress, not perfection: Don’t get discouraged by setbacks. Everyone has them. Focus on learning from challenges and getting back on track.
  • Practice self-care: Chavez recommends prioritizing self-care activities that promote physical, emotional, and mental well-being, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, adequate sleep, and relaxation. 
  • Seek therapy: If you find it challenging to improve your self-worth and self-esteem on your own, Chavez says it may be helpful to see a therapist. “Therapy can provide personalized strategies and support to help you build a healthier self-view.”
  • Be patient: Building self-esteem takes time and consistent effort. Be patient with yourself and remember to celebrate your progress along the way.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
  1. Orth U, Robins RW. Is high self-esteem beneficial? Revisiting a classic question. Am Psychol. 2022;77(1):5-17. doi:10.1037/amp0000922

  2. Ryszewska-Łabędzka D, Tobis S, Kropińska S, Wieczorowska-Tobis K, Talarska D. The association of self-esteem with the level of independent functioning and the primary demographic factors in persons over 60 years of age. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(4):1996. doi:10.3390/ijerph19041996

  3. Muris P, Otgaar H. Self-esteem and self-compassion: A narrative review and meta-analysis on their links to psychological problems and well-being. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2023 Aug 3;16:2961-2975. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S402455

  4. Du H, King RB, Chi P. Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 25;12(8):e0183958. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183958

  5. Chang OD. The stakes of self-worth: Examining contingencies of self-worth to clarify the association between global self-esteem and eating disturbances in college women. J Clin Psychol. 2020 Dec;76(12):2283-2295. doi:10.1002/jclp.23006

  6. Neff KD. Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and interventionAnnu Rev Psychol. 2023;74:193-218. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047

  7. Pfitzner-Eden F. Why do I feel more confident? Bandura’s sources predict preservice teachers’ latent changes in teacher self-efficacyFront Psychol. 2016;7:1486. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01486

  8. Alganami FH, El Keshky MES. Does volunteering benefit students’ happiness, social connectedness, and self-efficacy? An interaction with genderBMC Psychol. 2025;13(1):553. doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02886-8

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By Sanjana Gupta

Sanjana is a health writer and editor. Her work spans various health-related topics, including mental health, fitness, nutrition, and wellness.


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A Beginner’s Guide to Safe and Consensual Kinky Sex


Key Takeaways

  • BDSM stands for bondage, dominance, submission, and sadomasochism.
  • Communicating clearly, setting boundaries, obtaining consent, and using safe practices are essential for enjoyable BDSM play.
  • BDSM can also offer mental health benefits like reduced stress and better relationships when practiced consensually and responsibly.

BDSM is a common sexual practice and fantasy, but getting started can feel a bit intimidating if you’re a beginner. Learning how to engage in BDSM involves exploring what it involves, the different roles and types of play, and how to enjoy it safely. Whether you fantasize or participate, remember that mutual consent is a key element of a mutually satisfying, safe experience.

fizkes / Getty Images


BDSM Basics

For many people, the acronym “BDSM” conjures up images of secret sex dungeons with whips and leather restraining devices lining the walls. There’s an implied deviance in this form of kink, but that’s not an accurate representation of the practice at all.

Most of the time, BDSM is a highly intentional, safe, caring, and consensual variety of sex acts that allow individuals to expand the boundaries of their sexuality. It can be as intense as being strapped into a medieval wooden contraption, sure, but more often it can be as simple as light spanking or a blindfold.

To simplify, BDSM stands for:

  • Bondage: physically restraining a partner during sex, such as with handcuffs, cords, or some other material or method
  • Dominance: exerting power or control over a partner during a sexual experience
  • Submission: being dominated during sex, or willingly submitting to the power or control of a sexual partner
  • Sadomasochism: consensually inflicting or receiving physical pain or humiliation

BDSM usually involves partners taking on specific roles in which one is dominant and the other is submissive. The dominant person is sometimes referred to as the Dominant, Master, or Top. The submissive person is called the Submissive, Slave, or Bottom.

Although often portrayed as deviant or taboo, research has shown that BDSM is a common sexual fantasy and lifestyle for many individuals and couples.

How to Get Started

If you are interested in giving BDSM a try, there are a number of light BDSM practices that can be a good starting point for beginners. This includes such things as:

  • Hair pulling
  • Blindfolds
  • Light spanking
  • Scarf or tie bondage
  • Roleplaying

For more intense forms of erotic play, you could take a class, read a book, or watch instructional videos. Some practices can be dangerous and lead to injury without taking proper precautions. And, as previously mentioned, BDSM activities need to be carefully pre-negotiated so that each party understands what will happen.

Tips for Practicing BDSM

The world of BDSM has its own distinct subcultures and terminology. It can be intimidating for beginners, but there are some tips and tricks that may help you explore.

  • Remember that communication is critical. Before you even begin, you need to talk about your interests and boundaries. If you are engaging in something as part of a BDSM scene, it needs to be something that each partner has talked about—and agreed to—beforehand.
  • Start slowly. Light BDSM practices are a good starting point for figuring out what you like and what you are comfortable with. Roleplaying sexy scenes or engaging in dirty talk, for example, can help you explore your fantasies.
  • Set the scene. Engage all your senses when setting up a BDSM scene. Mood lighting, scented candles, soft music, and erotic clothing can all help create the right mood for your BDSM play.
  • Have a safe word and don’t be afraid to use it. BDSM should be fun for everyone involved. So, if something isn’t working for you or is too much for you to handle, there’s no shame in saying so and trying something else. A safe word is an agreed-upon term that indicates that you want to stop engaging in the current BDSM interaction.

Different Types of BDSM You Might Explore

Types of play that fall under the BDSM umbrella include:

  • Age play: Pretending to be a different age than you are, whether younger or older
  • Breath play: Controlling breath during the sexual experience, such as by holding your breath or through light choking
  • Edge play: Engaging in activities that push the “edge” of SSC
  • Gender play: Pretending to be a different gender than you are
  • Impact play: Striking the body with the hand or with an object such as a whip or cane
  • Role play: Assuming a different identity during a sexual experience

Some people who practice BDSM engage in play parties, social gatherings involving BDSM activities.

Important

Both partners must consent to dominant-submissive roleplay; this makes BDSM entirely different from sexual assault. In fact, the BDSM community often uses the phrase “safe, sane, and consensual” (SSC), reinforcing that any play of this kind must be all three.

Common Terms You Should Know

Before learning about BDSM safety and benefits, get to know a few common terms:

  • Aftercare: mental and physical care you offer your partner after BDSM
  • Drop: mental or physical exhaustion after BDSM
  • Dungeon: the location of BDSM
  • Fetish: a type of sexual preference for a body part, object, or specific experience
  • Hard limit: what a partner absolutely will not do during BDSM
  • Kink: any sexual practice that is non-conventional
  • Munch: an often public party where people interested in BDSM can meet
  • Protocol: the agreed-upon rules for BDSM partners
  • Scene: the BDSM encounter
  • Soft limit: a behavior or action that a partner is hesitant to do but might be open to trying
  • Switch: to swap dominant and submissive positions during BDSM

How to Enjoy BDSM Play Safely

Because BDSM can involve pain, humiliation, dominance, submission, and other elements that can make partners vulnerable to mistreatment, it requires strict safety precautions. This helps ensure that neither party’s sexual boundaries are violated.

Make sure you know how to use any clothing, gear, or toys you plan to try safely. Bondage and pain play, for example, can cause injury if you aren’t careful or don’t use the equipment properly.

Take a class or watch some instructional videos to learn how to engage in BDSM practices safely.

If you do decide to engage in BDSM, implement the following practices.

  • Consent: Consent from both parties is critical when engaging in BDSM practices. Implied consent isn’t enough. If you think that your partner agrees to participate in these activities and they don’t, you could potentially be charged with sexual assault. Ensure consent by talking with your partner about what you both enjoy sexually, including limits or boundaries. This helps ensure that you both have a positive experience within your individual comfort zones.
  • Pre-sex negotiations: Before engaging in a BDSM scene, talk with your partner about what you will and won’t do. Decide who will be dominant and who will be submissive, or if you will switch, and what type of play you will engage in. By negotiating this in advance, you’ll both know what to expect during the experience.
  • Safe words: A safe word is a predetermined word that a person can use when they reach a point where they are no longer comfortable and need to stop. Set your safe word in advance and share it with your partner. If either of you says your safe word during BDSM, all actions are to end immediately.
  • Green-yellow-red system: Some BDSM partners choose to follow a green-yellow-red system. Just like with a traffic light, green means go, yellow means slow down, and red means stop. Using this type of system allows you to communicate with your partner during BDSM, letting them know if you’re okay with the actions taking place or if they need to slow down or stop.
  • Avoid high-risk practices: It’s important to note that while choking is an emerging sexual behavior, research suggests that it carries significant health risks. Research has found that multiple experiences of choking/strangulation is linked to neuroinflammation. Other research suggests it contributes to an elevated risk for stroke among women under the age of 40.

Mental Health Benefits of BDSM

Studies devoted to understanding BDSM and its effects on the body have shown surprising results. Researchers have found that these practices may offer a number of health benefits.

For example, researchers looking at personality traits and relationship attachment styles found that the individuals who engaged in BDSM had better overall well-being.

Contrary to many popular stereotypes, the study found that those who engaged in these sexual practices were actually, on average, better adjusted than their non-BDSM-practicing counterparts.

People who engage in BDSM:

Studies suggest that people who participate in BDSM practices tend to be less neurotic, less sensitive to rejection, more open, and more securely attached to their loved ones.

Reduced Stress

Research has found that BDSM participants enter an altered level of consciousness similar to the meditative state yoga practitioners experience or the marathoner’s “runner’s high.” It is commonly known these activities can benefit health by helping lower our levels of the hormone cortisol. Participation in BDSM may have the same effects.

For example, one series of studies found that partners in dominant roles had decreased cortisol levels after a BDSM session. Cortisol is known as the “stress hormone” and may be associated with a range of health issues including high blood pressure, suppressed immunity, and insulin resistance.

Better Relationships

Researchers have also determined that participating in successful sadomasochistic scenes increases the feeling of connectedness and intimacy with partners. While the exact reasons for this are not entirely clear, research has shown that doing novel things with romantic partners, rather than the same routine activities, increases intimacy.

This has been supported by looking at how the brain responds when doing something new. Engaging in novel activities with your partner can activate the brain’s reward system. Research suggests that even couple’s who have been together for a long time experience increased levels of dopamine and other feel-good chemicals when they participate in exciting, new activities togeter.

BDSM in the Media

Mainstream culture often represents BDSM as reckless, dangerous, and unhealthy. Take Fifty Shades of Grey, for instance. Christian Grey’s reasons for enjoying kink stems from his childhood abuse. Television crime dramas often portray fetishists as seedy, unethical lawbreakers. It isn’t just the media that frames BDSM this way.

Prior to the release of the fifth edition of the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” in 2013, participation in fetishism and sadomasochism was actually considered a mental disorder by health professionals. Attitudes about kinky sex have shifted. Pop culture didn’t make kink the latest fad, however. Humans have always had a penchant for adventurous sex.

  • A 2020 review found that 20% of people reported engaging in BDSM.
  • Another study found that 26% of participants reported being interested in BDSM.
  • Research also suggests that between 40% and 70% of people report having BDSM-related fantasies.

We may not be having kinky sex much more than we always have, but we’re certainly talking about it more. While BDSM practices still face stigma and misconceptions, research has shown that these sexual practices are not linked to psychopathology. Instead, they represent a broadening of sexual interests and not a type of sexual fixation.


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